{"id":3404,"date":"2021-04-13T06:42:52","date_gmt":"2021-04-13T06:42:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/desteptati.ro\/?p=3404"},"modified":"2022-01-13T13:16:08","modified_gmt":"2022-01-13T11:16:08","slug":"dracula","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/desteptati-va.ro\/index.php\/2021\/04\/13\/dracula\/","title":{"rendered":"Dracula"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\n \t<\/i> Read Time:<\/span>6 Minute, 36 Second <\/div>\n\n <\/div>

\u00cen timp ce \u00een Ungaria dispari\u021bia lui Iancu a fost urmat\u0103 de lupte interne (\u00een cursul c\u0103rora cel mai mare dintre fiii s\u0103i, Ladislau, a fost decapitat), stindardul luptei antiotomane a fost preluat de domnul \u021a\u0103rii Rom\u00e2ne\u0219ti, Vlad \u021aepe\u0219, supranumit \u0219i Dracula, porecl\u0103 n\u0103scut\u0103 din asocierea poreclei tat\u0103lui s\u0103u, Vlad Dracul, cu teroarea inspirat\u0103 de crudele sale pedepse. Romanul irlandezului Bram Stoker i-a conferit o notorietate interna\u021bional\u0103 poate \u00eenc\u0103 \u0219i mai terifiant\u0103, umbrind imaginea unui voievod care, dincolo de aplec\u0103rile sale sangvinare, r\u0103m\u00e2ne totu\u0219i una dintre personalit\u0103\u021bile cele mai remarcabile ale istoriei rom\u00e2ne\u0219ti.<\/h4>\r\n

Vlad \u021aepe\u0219 \u2013 pentru a fi \u00een\u021beles \u2013 trebuie integrat acelui climat mental al secolului al XV-lea descris admirabil de Johan Huizinga, climat caracterizat printr-o mobilitate afectiv\u0103, exprimat\u0103 simbolic \u00een amestecul de \u201es\u00e2nge \u0219i trandafiri\u201d. Cel care ofer\u0103 cheia \u00een\u021belegerii lui Vlad \u021aepe\u0219 este contemporanul s\u0103u, regele Fran\u021bei, Ludovic al XI-lea (1461-1483), el \u00eensu\u0219i o ciudat\u0103 \u00eembinare de pietate \u0219i cruzime, practicat\u0103 \u00een numele ra\u021biunii de stat.<\/h4>\r\n

<\/h4>\r\n
\"Vlad<\/a>
Vlad Tepes<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n

\u0218i unul, \u0219i celalat au avut de f\u0103cut fa\u021b\u0103 \u2013 evident, \u00een condi\u021bii diferite \u2013 anarhiei feudale; \u0219i unul, \u0219i cel\u0103lalt au urm\u0103rit consolidarea autorit\u0103\u021bii centrale; \u0219i unul, \u0219i cel\u0103lalt au recurs \u2013 pentru a-\u0219i atinge obiectivele \u2013 la mijloace care au frapat sensibilitatea \u0219i imagina\u021bia contemporanilor: Ludovic al XI-lea a devenit \u201ep\u0103ianjenul\u201d ce \u021bese plasa pentru prinderea victimelor sale, iar Vlad s\u00e2ngerosul tr\u0103g\u0103tor \u00een \u021beap\u0103.<\/h4>\r\n

Pentru domnul \u021a\u0103rii Rom\u00e2ne\u0219ti, acest oribil instrument de pedeaps\u0103 a reprezentat mijlocul eficace al unei strategii de intimidare a adversarilor din \u021bar\u0103 \u0219i din afar\u0103. Fa\u021b\u0103 de boierii turbulen\u021bi \u0219i turcii invadatori, el a utilizat \u021beapa pentru a supune necondi\u021bionat domniei elita politic\u0103 \u0219i pentru a pune la ad\u0103post \u021bara de primejdia transform\u0103rii \u00een pa\u0219al\u00e2c.<\/h4>\r\n

<\/h4>\r\n
\"Vlad<\/a>
Vlad Tepes si solii turci – Theodor Aman<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n

Renumele de tiran dement i-a fost creat de or\u0103\u0219enii sa\u0219i din Bra\u0219ov \u0219i Sibiu, intra\u021bi \u00een conflict cu voievodul muntean din ra\u021biuni economice \u0219i deveni\u021bi protectorii pretenden\u021bilor la scaunul de domnie de la T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te, \u0219i de regele Ungariei, Matia Corvin, care, obligat s\u0103 justifice renun\u021barea la cruciada antiotoman\u0103 pentru a c\u0103rei organizare primise fonduri de la papa Pius al II-lea, l-a acuzat pe Vlad \u021aepe\u0219 de tr\u0103dare \u0219i a declan\u0219at un adev\u0103rat r\u0103zboi propagandistic, destinat s\u0103-l \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eze pe domnul rom\u00e2n ca pe un monstru de cruzime.<\/h4>\r\n

<\/h4>\r\n
\"Vlad<\/a>
Vlad Tepes portretizat ca Pontiu Pilat<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n

Raporturile lui Vlad \u021aepe\u0219 cu clasa politic\u0103 au fost \u00eencordate: domnul se voia un st\u0103p\u00e2n absolut al \u021b\u0103rii, boierii se considerau mici suverani pe domeniile lor. Conflictul era inevitabil \u0219i el a cunoscut \u00een iarna 1458-1459 un moment de v\u00e2rf prin executarea unui mare num\u0103r de opozan\u021bi. Dialogul dintre domn \u0219i boieri, astfel cum este prezentat de cronicarul M. Beheim, relev\u0103 esen\u021ba conflictului: voievodul ar fi \u00eentrebat pe boierii invita\u021bi la un osp\u0103\u021b c\u00e2\u021bi domni cunoscuser\u0103 \u00een via\u021ba lor. Constat\u00e2nd c\u0103 \u201enici unul nu era at\u00e2t de t\u00e2n\u0103r \u00eenc\u00e2t (s\u0103 fi cunoscut) numai \u0219apte\u201d, domnul a denun\u021bat consecin\u021bele nefaste pentru \u021bar\u0103 ale luptelor interne: \u201evina o poart\u0103 ru\u0219inoasele voastre dezbin\u0103ri\u201d. Domnia voit\u0103 de Vlad nu putea tolera astfel de \u201edezbin\u0103ri\u201d.<\/h4>\r\n

Autocratul de la T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te nu se putea \u00eemp\u0103ca \u2013 desigur \u2013 cu situa\u021bia de tributar al sultanului, astfel c\u0103, \u00eendat\u0103 ce autoritatea sa a fost solid stabilit\u0103 \u00een \u021bar\u0103, Vlad \u021aepe\u0219 a refuzat s\u0103 mai pl\u0103teasc\u0103 haraciul cerut de Poart\u0103, ceea ce a atras riposta sultanului.<\/h4>\r\n

<\/h4>\r\n

Dup\u0103 dejucarea unei tentative turce\u0219ti de a-l captura pe domnul rom\u00e2n, \u00een urma c\u0103reia el a ocupat Giurgiu, Vlad a declan\u0219at, \u00een iarna 1461-1462, opera\u021biile la Dun\u0103re, atac\u00e2nd ora\u0219ele \u0219i punctele fortificate. \u201eCatastiful\u201d de oameni uci\u0219i \u00een aceast\u0103 campanie (el \u00eeno\u021be\u0219te scrisoarea adresat\u0103 de Vlad lui Matia Corvin) este edificator at\u00e2t pentru amploarea ravagiilor provocate, c\u00e2t \u0219i pentru minu\u021bia \u00eenregistr\u0103rii victimelor m\u0103celului. Dup\u0103 ce arat\u0103 cum se repartizeaz\u0103 pe localit\u0103\u021bi cei 23884 de turci \u0219i bulgari uci\u0219i (Obluci\u021ba \u0219i Novoselo \u2013 1350 etc.), catastiful continu\u0103: \u201eA\u0219ijderea \u00een locurile de mai sus, unde au fost vaduri care au fost arse \u0219i nimicite, oamenii, b\u0103rba\u021bi \u0219i femei, \u0219i tineri \u0219i copiii cei mici, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu pruncii, deopotriv\u0103, au fost uci\u0219i, \u0219i tot locul acela a r\u0103mas nimicit. Iar cele de mai sus sunt numai num\u0103rul mor\u021bilor ale c\u0103ror capete \u0219i semne au fost aduse dreg\u0103torilor no\u0219tri, a\u0219eza\u021bi \u00een toate p\u0103r\u021bile; cei care altfel n-au fost ar\u0103ta\u021bi, ori au ars prin case, al acelora nu-l \u0219tim, c\u0103 au pierit foarte mul\u021bi\u201d.<\/h4>\r\n

<\/h4>\r\n
\"Atacul<\/a>
Atacul de noapte – Theodor Aman<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n

Proasp\u0103tul cuceritor al Constantinopolului, Mehmed al II-lea, a considerat c\u0103 este necesar s\u0103 pedepseasc\u0103 \u00een persoan\u0103 pe cel care \u00eei sfidase at\u00e2t de s\u00e2ngeros autoritatea.<\/h4>\r\n

Vlad a aplicat \u2013 cum s-a ar\u0103tat mai sus \u2013 tactica devenit\u0103 caracteristic\u0103 r\u0103zboiului asimetric: pustiirea zonei de inaintare a for\u021belor invadatoare \u0219i lovituri rapide, date prin surprindere, ceea ce crea o stare de insecuritate. \u00cen cursul unei nop\u021bi, el a atacat tab\u0103ra otoman\u0103, ajung\u00e2nd p\u00e2n\u0103 aproape de cortul sultanului. Un ienicer de origine s\u00e2rb\u0103 \u2013 Constantin Mihailovici din Ostrovi\u021ba \u2013 participant la campanie a l\u0103sat o relatare concludent\u0103: \u201eTotu\u0219i ne cuprinsese spaim\u0103 mare, de\u0219i voievodul rom\u00e2n avea o oaste mic\u0103, \u0219i peste tot eram cu mare grij\u0103 \u0219i ne \u00eengropam \u00een fiecare noapte cu \u0219an\u021buri, totu\u0219i nu puteam fi siguri. Ne-au lovit \u00eentr-o noapte \u00eenc\u00e2t au omor\u00e2t oameni, cai, c\u0103mile, au omor\u00e2t o sut\u0103 de mii de turci. C\u00e2nd to\u021bi turcii fugind din fa\u021ba lor au venit la noi, la ieniceri, ienicerii i-au alungat de la d\u00e2n\u0219ii \u0219i-i ucideau, ca s\u0103 nu fie cotropi\u021bi de d\u00e2n\u0219ii, a\u0219a \u00eenc\u00e2t au f\u0103cut mare pagub\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103ratului (sultanului \u2013 n.n.)\u201d. Represaliile otomane au fost pe m\u0103sura frustr\u0103rii lui Mehmed al II-lea: \u201eIar dup\u0103 aceea, a doua zi, au prins c\u00e2teva sute de rom\u00e2ni \u0219i \u00eemp\u0103ratul a poruncit ca pe to\u021bi s\u0103-i taie \u00een dou\u0103\u201d.<\/h4>\r\n

<\/h4>\r\n
\"Mehmed<\/a>
Mehmed al II-lea<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n

C\u00e2nd sultanul, incapabil s\u0103 ob\u021bin\u0103 o victorie decisiv\u0103 asupra lui Vlad \u021aepe\u0219, a hot\u0103r\u00e2t s\u0103 se retrag\u0103, solidaritatea dintre domn \u0219i boieri, n\u0103scut\u0103 din teama lichid\u0103rii statului muntean, s-a destr\u0103mat. \u00cen locul for\u021bei brute, sultanul a utilizat arma politic\u0103: Radu cel Frumos, fratele lui Vlad, venit \u00een oastea otoman\u0103 (frumuse\u021bea sa \u00eel f\u0103cuse s\u0103 fie r\u00e2vnit de sultan, dar Radu se ap\u0103rase, r\u0103nindu-l pe Mehmed cu un pumnal), a oferit alt\u0103 solu\u021bie raporturilor rom\u00e2no-otomane: recunoa\u0219terea suzeranit\u0103\u021bii Por\u021bii \u0219i plata tributului. Abandonat de boieri, Vlad s-a retras \u00een Transilvania, unde regele Matia, hot\u0103r\u00e2t s\u0103 nu se angajeze \u00een confruntarea cu Poarta, a g\u0103sit un alibi \u00een acuza\u021bia de tr\u0103dare adus\u0103 lui Vlad \u0219i arestarea lui, urmat\u0103 de o \u00eendelungat\u0103 captivitate la Vi\u0219egrad \u0219i Pesta.<\/h4>\r\n

Revenind \u0103n domnie \u2013 cu sprijinul lui \u0218tefan cel Mare \u2013 \u00een 1476 s-a dovedit efemer\u0103, boierimea r\u0103m\u00e2n\u00e2ndu-i ostil\u0103 at\u00e2t pentru stilul autoritar de c\u00e2rmuire c\u00e2t \u0219i pentru politica sa de reluare a r\u0103zboiului cu Poarta. \u00cen 1490, umanistul italian Filippo Buonaccorsi-Callimachus f\u0103cea \u00een ace\u0219ti termeni bilan\u021bul domniilor lui Vlad \u021aepe\u0219: \u201eAcei dintre ei (rom\u00e2ni \u2013 n.n.) care se numesc Besserabi nu numai c\u0103 au rezistat timp \u00eendelungat cu for\u021be at\u00e2t de mici \u00eempotriva \u00eentregii puteri a turcilor, dar foarte adesea chiar i-au atacat, \u00eenainte de a-l pierde, din pricina luptelor interne cr\u00e2ncene, pe acel mare comandant \u0219i domn al lor, Vladislav Dracula, de care fiind lipsi\u021bi de mirare c\u0103 nu au sucombat pe dat\u0103\u201d.<\/h4>\r\n

<\/h4>\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\n \r\n

Succesorii lui Vlad \u021aepe\u0219, \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu Radu cel Frumos, au adoptat politica accept\u0103rii domina\u021biei otomane, \u00een condi\u021biile recunoa\u0219terii statutului de autonomie a \u021b\u0103rii. Obscure, anonime, aceste domnii lipsite de celebritatea lui Vlad au contribuit totu\u0219i la fixarea regimului suzeranit\u0103\u021bii otomane, men\u021binerea deplinei autoguvern\u0103ri, a\u0219a cum subliniaz\u0103 acela\u0219i Callimachus: muntenii \u201eau ajuns totu\u0219i la supunere, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103-\u0219i p\u0103streze toate legile lor, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu avu\u021biile \u0219i p\u00e2n\u0103 aproape \u0219i libertatea\u201d.<\/h4>\r\n

Florin Constantiniu \u2013 O istorie sincera a poporului roman<\/em><\/h4>
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\u00cen timp ce \u00een Ungaria dispari\u021bia lui Iancu a fost urmat\u0103 de lupte interne (\u00een cursul c\u0103rora cel mai mareRead More<\/i><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1293,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[35,28],"tags":[53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87],"class_list":["post-3404","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-inainte-de-unire","category-secvente-istorice","tag-antiotoman","tag-brasov","tag-conflict","tag-corvin","tag-cruciada","tag-cruzime","tag-desteptati","tag-desteptati-va","tag-domnie","tag-dracul","tag-dracula","tag-econimic","tag-feudal","tag-intimidare","tag-ladislau","tag-matei","tag-matia-corvin","tag-papa","tag-pius","tag-politica","tag-pretendenti","tag-pustiire","tag-ratiune","tag-sangeros","tag-sibiu","tag-statu","tag-targoviste","tag-teapa","tag-tepes","tag-tiran","tag-tradare","tag-ungaria","tag-vlad","tag-vlad-dracul","tag-vlad-tepes"],"rise-blocks_total_comments":0,"rise-blocks_categories":[{"term_id":35,"name":"Inainte de Unire","slug":"inainte-de-unire","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":35,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":28,"count":7,"filter":"raw"}],"rise-blocks_excerpt":"\u00cen timp ce \u00een Ungaria dispari\u021bia lui Iancu a fost urmat\u0103 de lupte interne (\u00een cursul c\u0103rora cel mai mare dintre fiii s\u0103i, Ladislau, a fost decapitat), stindardul luptei antiotomane a fost preluat de domnul \u021a\u0103rii Rom\u00e2ne\u0219ti, Vlad \u021aepe\u0219, supranumit \u0219i Dracula, porecl\u0103 n\u0103scut\u0103 din asocierea poreclei tat\u0103lui s\u0103u, Vlad Dracul, cu teroarea inspirat\u0103 de crudele sale pedepse. Romanul irlandezului..","yoast_head":"\r\nDracula -<\/title>\r\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\r\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/desteptati-va.ro\/index.php\/2021\/04\/13\/dracula\/\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Dracula -\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00cen timp ce \u00een Ungaria dispari\u021bia lui Iancu a fost urmat\u0103 de lupte interne (\u00een cursul c\u0103rora cel mai mareRead More\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/desteptati-va.ro\/index.php\/2021\/04\/13\/dracula\/\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-04-13T06:42:52+00:00\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-01-13T11:16:08+00:00\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:image\" 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