{"id":3408,"date":"2021-04-13T08:07:00","date_gmt":"2021-04-13T08:07:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/desteptati.ro\/?p=3408"},"modified":"2022-01-13T13:10:36","modified_gmt":"2022-01-13T11:10:36","slug":"moldova-la-apogeu-stefan-cel-mare","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/desteptati-va.ro\/index.php\/2021\/04\/13\/moldova-la-apogeu-stefan-cel-mare\/","title":{"rendered":"Moldova la apogeu: Stefan cel Mare"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\n \t<\/i> Read Time:<\/span>14 Minute, 47 Second <\/div>\n\n <\/div>

\u00cen cronistica rom\u00e2neasc\u0103, \u0218tefan cel Mare a beneficiat de un portret celebru, datorat lui Grigore Ureche, \u0219i vrednic de a fi cunoscut de oricine: \u201eFost-au acestu \u0218tefan Vod\u0103 om nu mare de statu, m\u00e2nios \u0219i degrabu v\u0103rs\u0103toriu de s\u00e2nge nevinovat; de multe ori la ospe\u021be omor\u00e2eau f\u0103r\u0103 jude\u021bu. Amintirilea era om \u00eentreg la fire, nelene\u0219u, \u0219i lucrul s\u0103u \u00eel \u0219tiia a-l acoperi \u0219i unde nu g\u00e2ndiiai, acolo \u00eel aflai. La lucruri de r\u0103zboaie me\u0219ter, unde era nevoie \u00eensu\u0219i se v\u00e2r\u00e2ea, ca v\u0103z\u00e2ndu-l ai s\u0103i, s\u0103 nu \u00eend\u0103p\u0103rtieaze \u0219i pentru aceia raru r\u0103zboiu de nu biruia. \u0218i unde biruia al\u021bii, nu pierdea n\u0103dejdea, c\u0103 \u0219tiindu-se c\u0103zut jos, s\u0103 r\u0103dica deasupra biruitorilor.\u201d<\/h4>\r\n

Cronicarul-boier a enumerat calit\u0103\u021bile unei personalit\u0103\u021bi politice cu adev\u0103rat excep\u021bionale, singura tr\u0103s\u0103tur\u0103 negativ\u0103 fiind aceea a execu\u021biei unor inocen\u021bi, \u00een viziunea sa, proveni\u021bi din r\u00e2ndurile elitei conduc\u0103toare.<\/h4>\r\n

\u00censc\u0103unat dup\u0103 un sfert de secol de anarhie feudal\u0103, \u0218tefan a urm\u0103rit – \u0219i a reu\u0219it \u2013 s\u0103 restabileasc\u0103 autoritatea domneasc\u0103, debilitat\u0103 \u00een perioada de dup\u0103 moartea lui Alexandru cel Bun. Voievodul moldovean a folosit mijloace dure pentru a fr\u00e2nge rezisten\u021ba marii boierimi, merg\u00e2nd p\u00e2n\u0103 la masive execu\u021bii.<\/h4>\r\n

Raporturile dintre domn \u0219i marea boierime par a fi r\u0103mas p\u00e2n\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul c\u00e2rmuirii lui \u0218tefan sub semnul suspiciunii \u0219i al ostilit\u0103\u021bii latente. \u00cen ultimele zile de via\u021b\u0103, domnul a avut de \u00eenfruntat opozi\u021bia unei grup\u0103ri boiere\u0219ti fa\u021b\u0103 de desemnarea ca urma\u0219 la tron a fiului t\u0103u, Bogdan. B\u0103tr\u00e2nul voievod nu a ezitat s\u0103-i decapiteze \u0219i atunci pe boierii rebeli.<\/h4>\r\n

Politica extern\u0103 a lui \u0218tefan \u2013 cea care a adus Moldovei \u0219i domnului o faim\u0103 cum nu cunoscuse \u0219i nu a mai cunoscut dup\u0103 aceea \u2013 a fost determinat\u0103 de triunghiul de for\u021be \u00een care se \u00eenscria Moldova: Polonia, Ungaria \u0219i Imperiul Otoman.<\/h4>\r\n

\u00cen raporturile cu cele dou\u0103 regate limitrofe, \u0218tefan s-a situat \u00een descenden\u021ba politic\u0103 a bunicului s\u0103u, Alexandru cel Bun, plas\u00e2ndu-se, \u00een func\u021bie de contextul politic, sub scutul unuia sau altuia. Fa\u021b\u0103 de tendin\u021ba Ungariei de a aduce sub o autoritate efectiv\u0103 voievodatul Moldovei, aflat alt\u0103 dat\u0103 sub suzeranitatea sa, \u0218tefan a preferat de regul\u0103 vasalitatea fa\u021b\u0103 de regele polon, satisf\u0103cut numai de existen\u021ba raportului de fidelitate personal\u0103, care \u00eel a\u0219eza pe domnul Moldovei \u00een subordinea sa, f\u0103r\u0103 a transforma contractul feudo-vasalic \u00eentr-o st\u0103p\u00e2nire polon\u0103 real\u0103 asupra Moldovei. Printr-un abil joc diplomatic, \u0218tefan a \u0219tiut s\u0103 estompeze orice form\u0103 de dependen\u021b\u0103 adev\u0103rat\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de cei doi suzerani, astfel c\u0103 putea s\u0103 declare \u00een deplin adev\u0103r c\u0103 \u201eeste st\u0103p\u00e2n liber al \u021b\u0103rii \u0219i al poporului s\u0103u\u201d.<\/h4>\r\n

Ceea ce a conferit Moldovei, \u00een timpul lui \u0218tefan, statutul de factor de seam\u0103 al rela\u021biilor interna\u021bionale \u0219i a adus domnului ei un renume f\u0103r\u0103 egal \u00een istoria voievodatului a fost \u00eendelungata confruntare cu Imperiul Otoman, aflat \u00een plin\u0103 expansiune, sub c\u00e2rmuirea lui Mehmed al II-lea, cuceritorul Constantinopolului.<\/h4>\r\n

Merg\u00e2nd pe firul cauzal al evenimentelor, se constat\u0103 c\u0103 la originea acestei confrunt\u0103ri, ca \u2013 de altminteri – \u0219i a unor \u00eensemnate orient\u0103ri \u00een politica extern\u0103 a Moldovei, s-a aflat cucerirea Chiliei \u00een 1465 (dup\u0103 \u00eencercarea neizbutit\u0103 din 1462, c\u00e2nd, profit\u00e2nd de atacul lui Mehmed al II-lea \u00eempotriva lui Vlad \u021aepe\u0219, \u0218tefan crezuse c\u0103 poate lua Chilia \u00een st\u0103p\u00e2nire). Se v\u0103de\u0219te astfel, \u00eenc\u0103 o dat\u0103, cov\u00e2r\u0219itoarea \u00eensemn\u0103tate a controlului gurilor Dun\u0103rii \u00een determinarea politicii externe nu numai a Moldovei \u0219i \u021a\u0103rii Rom\u00e2ne\u0219ti, dar \u0219i a marilor puteri \u2013 precum Regatul ungar \u0219i Imperiul otoman \u2013, pentru care marele fluviu \u00eensemna, \u00een egal\u0103 m\u0103sur\u0103, o ax\u0103 strategic\u0103 \u0219i una comercial\u0103.<\/h4>\r\n

<\/h4>\r\n\"Statuia<\/a> Statuia ecvestra a lui Stefan cel Mare\r\n

Cucerirea Chiliei \u00een 1465 a adus Moldova \u00een conflict cu Ungaria \u2013 ceea ce a determinat str\u00e2ngerea raporturilor moldo-polone \u2013, cu \u021aara Rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 \u0219i, \u00een urma \u00eencerc\u0103rilor lui \u0218tefan de a a\u0219eza voievodatul muntean, vasal Por\u021bii otomane, \u00een orbita Moldovei, cu Imperiul Otoman.<\/h4>\r\n

Matia Corvin a reac\u021bionat la cucerirea Chiliei prin organizarea unei campanii de anvergur\u0103 \u00eempotriva lui \u0218tefan \u0219i \u00eensc\u0103unarea lui Petru Aron, ceea ce implica readucerea Moldovei sub autoritatea efectv\u0103 a coroanei ungare.<\/h4>\r\n

Oastea lui Matia Corvin a \u00eenaintat p\u00e2n\u0103 la Baia, unde \u00een noaptea de 14-15 decembrie 1467, a fost atacat\u0103 de \u0218tefan. Infidelitatea unor boieri l-a lipsit pe \u0218tefan de victoria zdrobitoare pe care o a\u0219tepta. Matia, r\u0103nit, a fost constr\u00e2ns s\u0103 se retrag\u0103, abandon\u00e2nd definitiv inten\u021bia de a restabili controlul asupra Moldovei.<\/h4>\r\n

Conflictul cu Radu cel Frumos, \u00eenceput \u00een 1469, a inaugurat o direc\u021bie \u00een strategia politic\u0103 a lui \u0218tefan: instalarea \u00een domnia \u021a\u0103rii Rom\u00e2ne\u0219ti a unui domn aliniat atitudinii Moldovei, adic\u0103 transformarea voievodatului muntean \u00eentr-un glacis al Moldovei. Interven\u021bia lui \u0218tefan \u00een \u021aara Rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 a fost at\u00e2t de st\u0103ruitoare, \u00eenc\u00e2t Letopise\u021bul cantacuzinescu<\/em> \u00eei atribuie o domnie muntean\u0103 de 16 ani. Eforturile lui \u0218tefan de a include \u201ecealalt\u0103 \u021bar\u0103 rom\u00e2neasc\u0103\u201d \u2013 cum o numea el \u00eensu\u0219i \u2013 \u00een frontul antiotoman au e\u0219uat. Realit\u0103\u021bile geopolitice s-au dovedit mai puternice dec\u00e2t con\u0219tiin\u021ba unit\u0103\u021bii de neam sau spiritul de solidaritate cre\u0219tin\u0103. Prezen\u021ba turcilor la Dun\u0103re a f\u0103cut de fiecare dat\u0103 pe domnul \u00eensc\u0103unat de \u015etefan s\u0103-\u0219i abandoneze patronul \u0219i s\u0103 stea sub ascultarea Por\u021bii.<\/h4>\r\n

Ilustrativ\u0103 pentru atitudinea boierimii muntene, ostil\u0103 amestecului vecinului de peste Milcov \u0219i solidar\u0103 cu domnul ei \u00een refuzul de a urma politica antiotoman\u0103 a lui \u0218tefan, este scrisoarea boierilor br\u0103ileni adresat\u0103 \u00een 1841 domnului Moldovei, care sprijinea atunci pe un fiu al lui Vlad Dracul, Mircea, pentru a-l face domn \u00een \u021aara Rom\u00e2neasc\u0103, text savuros prin umorul s\u0103u politic: \u201eDe la to\u021bi boierii br\u0103ileni \u0219i de la to\u021bi cnejii \u0219i de la to\u021bi rom\u00e2nii \u00ee\u021bi scriem \u021bie, \u0218tefane Voievod, Domn moldovenesc. Este \u00een tine omenie, ai tu minte, ai tu creieri, de-\u021bi strici cerneala \u0219i h\u00e2rtia pentru un copil de curv\u0103, fiul C\u0103l\u021bunei, \u0219i zici c\u0103-\u021bi este fiu? De-\u021bi este fiu \u0219i vrei s\u0103-i faci bine, ci tu or\u00e2nduie\u0219te s\u0103 fie dup\u0103 moartea ta domn \u00een locul t\u0103u \u0219i pe m\u0103-sa ia-o \u0219i o \u021bine, s\u0103-\u021bi fie \u021bie doamn\u0103, cum au \u021binut-o, \u00een \u021bara noastr\u0103, to\u021bi pescarii br\u0103ileni; ci tu \u021bine-\u021bi-o s\u0103-\u021bi fie doamn\u0103. \u0218i \u00eenva\u021b\u0103-\u021bi tu \u021bara ta cum s\u0103 te slujeasc\u0103, iar pe noi s\u0103 ne la\u0219i \u00een pace, c\u0103, de-\u021bi cau\u021bi du\u0219man, \u00eel g\u0103se\u0219ti! \u0218i a\u0219a s\u0103 \u0219tii: avem domn mare \u0219i bun \u0219i avem pace din toate laturile; s\u0103 \u0219tii c\u0103 to\u021bi pe capete vom veni asupra ta \u0219i vom sta pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 domnul nostru Basarab Voievod, p\u00e2n\u0103 ce vom perde capetele\u201d.<\/h4>\r\n

Politica antiotoman\u0103 a lui \u0218tefan s-a integrat r\u0103zboiului veneto-otoman (1463-1479), domnul Moldovei al\u0103tur\u00e2ndu-se unei coali\u021bii care cuprindea adversari ai Por\u021bii, de la Republica lagunelor p\u00e2n\u0103 la hanul turcoman Uzun-Hassan, conduc\u0103torul statului \u201eMielul Alb\u201d (cuprindea sudul Azerbaidjanului, Armenia \u0219i p\u0103r\u021bi ale Irakului \u0219i Iranului, av\u00e2nd capitala la Tebriz), cu care \u0218tefan a negociat prin medicul evreu Isaac Beg.<\/h4>\r\n

Ac\u021biunile militare \u0219i diplomatice ale lui \u0218tefan i s-au p\u0103rut sultanului Mehmed al II-lea at\u00e2t de primejdioase \u00eenc\u00e2t a trimis \u00eempotriva lui, \u00een iarna 1474-1475, o oaste \u2013 evaluat\u0103 de \u0218tefan la 120000 de oameni \u2013 sub conducerea beilerbeiului Rumeliei, Soliman, \u00eenso\u021bit \u0219i e trupele muntene ale lui Radu cel Frumos.<\/h4>\r\n

\u0218tefan dispunea de o armat\u0103 de 40000 de oameni, c\u0103rora li s-au al\u0103turat un copt polon, trimis de regele Cazimir, \u0219i un altul ungar, de la regele Matia Corvin.<\/h4>\r\n

B\u0103t\u0103lia s-a dat la Podul \u00cenalt (10 ianuarie 1475) \u0219i s-a \u00eencheiat cu biruin\u021ba lui \u0218tefan. \u0219i-au spus cuv\u00e2ntul tactica \u201ep\u0103m\u00e2ntului p\u00e2rjolit\u201d, care a lipsit de hran\u0103 cavaleria otoman\u0103, precum \u0219i judicioasa folosire a terenului, care nu a permis desf\u0103\u0219urarea oastei lui Soliman; cea\u021ba cobor\u00e2t\u0103 \u00een diminea\u021ba b\u0103t\u0103liei a fost folosit\u0103 de \u0218tefan pentru a dezorienta for\u021bele invadatoare \u0219i a le dezorganiza.<\/h4>\r\n

A\u0219a cum ar\u0103ta \u0218tefan, la 25 ianuarie 1475, \u00een scrisoarea sa adresat\u0103 principilor cre\u0219tini: \u201eam luat sabia \u00een m\u00e2n\u0103 \u0219i cu ajutorul Domnului Dumnezeului nostru atotputernic am mers \u00eempotriva du\u0219manilor cre\u0219tin\u0103t\u0103\u021bii, i-am biruit \u0219i i-am c\u0103lcat \u00een picioare \u0219i pe to\u021bi i-am trecut sub ascu\u021bi\u0219ul sabiei noastre\u201d.<\/h4>\r\n

Caracteristic\u0103 pentru credin\u021ba lui \u0218tefan este conduita sa dup\u0103 victorie: \u201eNu s-a \u00eeng\u00e2mfat \u0218tefan \u00een urma acestei biruin\u021be \u2013 scrie cronicarul polon Jan Dlugosz \u2013 ci a postit patru zile cu ap\u0103 \u0219i cu p\u00e2ine. \u0218i a dat porunc\u0103 \u00een \u021bara \u00eentreag\u0103 s\u0103 nu cuteze cineva s\u0103-i atribuie lui acea biruin\u021b\u0103, ci numai lui Dumnezeu\u201d.<\/h4>\r\n

<\/h4>\r\n\"Portretul<\/a> Portretul lui Stefan cel Mare in Tetraevanghelul de la Humor\r\n

Domnul Moldovei a\u0219tepta replica sultanului chiar \u00een prim\u0103vara aceluia\u0219i an \u0219i cerea ajutorul lumii cre\u0219tine, subliniind c\u0103 Moldova este \u201epoarta cre\u0219tin\u0103t\u0103\u021bii\u201d \u0219i c\u0103, odat\u0103 cucerit\u0103 de turci, \u201eatunci toat\u0103 cre\u0219tin\u0103tatea va fi \u00een primejdie\u201d.<\/h4>\r\n

Atacul otoman s-a produs \u00eens\u0103 \u00een anul urm\u0103tor, \u00een fruntea oastei otomane afl\u00e2ndu-se acum \u00eensu\u0219i sultanului Mehmed al II-lea. \u00cen cursul anului precedent, el cucerise colonia genovez\u0103 Caffa \u0219i \u2013 fapt cu grave urm\u0103ri pentru Moldova \u2013 adusese \u00een dependen\u021ba sa Hanatul t\u0103tarilor din Crimeea. Ei au devenit de atunci un instrument militar de mare eficacitate \u00eempotriva Moldovei, fie ca for\u021b\u0103 de atac independent\u0103, fie ca parte \u00eentr-o ac\u021biune conjugat\u0103 torco-t\u0103tar\u0103.<\/h4>\r\n

\u00cen 1476, Mehmed a folosit cea de a doua variant\u0103. Atacul t\u0103tar l-a obligat pe \u0218tefan s\u0103 \u00eeng\u0103duie o\u0219tenilor – \u021b\u0103rani, chema\u021bi sub arme pentru a respinge invazia otoman\u0103, s\u0103-\u0219i apere gospod\u0103riile \u0219i \u2013 dup\u0103 ce t\u0103tarii luaser\u0103 mul\u021bime de robi \u2013 s\u0103-i elibereze pe captivi, cum s-a \u0219i \u00eent\u00e2mplat.<\/h4>\r\n

\u00cempotriva sultanului, \u0218tefan a utilizat din nou tactica golului demoeconomic, produc\u00e2nd astfel mari dificult\u0103\u021bi de aprovizionare o\u0219tii otomane, iar prin atacuri de h\u0103r\u021buial\u0103 a creat o stare de nesiguran\u021b\u0103.<\/h4>\r\n

\u00cenaintarea adversarului spre capital\u0103 trebuia \u00eens\u0103 oprit\u0103, \u0219i \u0218tefan \u2013 cu toate c\u0103 efectivele sale erau \u00eempu\u021binate \u2013 a \u00eencercat s\u0103-i opreasc\u0103 pe invadatori, d\u00e2nd b\u0103t\u0103lia de la Valea Alb\u0103 sau R\u0103zboieni (26 iulie 1476), terminat\u0103 cu \u00eenfr\u00e2ngerea moldovenilor, a\u0219a cum spune \u0218tefan \u00eensu\u0219i \u00een pisania bisericii \u00een\u0103l\u021bate acolo: \u201eS-a ridicat puternicul \u00eemp\u0103rat Mahmet, \u00eemp\u0103ratul turcesc, cu toate puterile sale r\u0103s\u0103ritene, \u0219i \u00eenc\u0103 \u0219i Basarab voievod, numit Laiot\u0103, a venit cu el cu toat\u0103 \u021bara sa basarabeasc\u0103. \u0218i au venit s\u0103 prade \u0219i s\u0103 ia \u021aara Moldovei; \u0219i au ajuns p\u00e2n\u0103 aici, la locul numit Valea Alb\u0103. Iar noi, \u0218tefan voievod \u0219i cu fiul nostru, Alexandru, am ie\u0219it \u00eenaintea lor \u0219i am f\u0103cut mare r\u0103zboi cu ei, \u00een luna iulie 26; \u0219i cu voia lui Dumnezeu, au fost \u00eenfr\u00e2n\u021bi cre\u0219tinii de p\u0103g\u00e2ni. \u0218i au c\u0103zut aici mul\u021bime mare de o\u0219teni ai Moldovei. Tot atunci \u0219i t\u0103tarii au lovit \u021aara Moldovei de ceia parte\u201d.<\/h4>\r\n

Victoria lui Mehmed al II-lea a r\u0103mas nefructificat\u0103: nici una din cet\u0103\u021bile Moldovei – \u0219i \u00een primul r\u00e2nd Suceava \u2013 nu a putut fi cucerit\u0103; oastea otoman\u0103, sl\u0103bit\u0103 de lipsuri \u0219i privat\u0103 de aportul t\u0103tarilor, sili\u021bi s\u0103 revin\u0103 \u00een Crimeea, \u00een urma unui atac al Hoardei de pe Volga, al\u0103turat\u0103 coali\u021biei antiotomane, a \u00eenceput retragerea, mai ales c\u0103 din Transilvania venea, \u00een sprijinul lui \u0218tefan, un corp de oaste.<\/h4>\r\n

Campania lui Mehmed al II-lea s-a soldat, a\u0219adar, cu un e\u0219ec politic, dar Moldova a suferit mari distrugeri \u0219i pierderi umane \u00eensemnate.<\/h4>\r\n

\u0218tefan a trimis o solie la Vene\u021bia, a c\u0103rei ampl\u0103 expunere \u00eencepe printr-un act de acuzare la adresa conduc\u0103torilor cre\u0219tini, care l-au l\u0103sat singur \u00een fa\u021ba du\u0219manului: \u201eC\u0103ci, de\u0219i avea jur\u0103minte \u0219i \u00eenvoieli cu d\u00e2n\u0219ii, ei l-au \u00een\u0219elat \u0219i astfel a p\u0103\u021bit ce-a p\u0103\u021bit. \u00cenvoielile \u0219i jur\u0103mintele ce erau \u00eentre ei cuprindeau [prevederea] c\u0103 to\u021bi trebuiau s\u0103 fie gata \u0219i s\u0103 ajute \u00een orice loc pe acela dintre domni \u00eempotriva c\u0103ruia ar fi mers turcii. \u0218i totu\u0219i, cu toat\u0103 n\u0103dejdea mea \u00eentr-\u00een\u0219ii, mi s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat nenorocirea pomenit\u0103\u201d. Dup\u0103 ce arat\u0103 c\u0103 ne\u00eendeplinirea promisiunilor de ajutor s-a r\u0103sfr\u00e2nt negativ asupra planului s\u0103u de campanie, \u0218tefan conchide cu resemnarea cre\u0219tin\u0103: \u201eEu, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu curtea mea, am f\u0103cut ce-am putut \u0219i s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat cum am spus mai sus, care lucru socotesc c\u0103 a fost voia lui Dumnezeu, ca s\u0103 m\u0103 pedepseasc\u0103 pentru p\u0103catele mele; \u0219i l\u0103udat s\u0103 fie numele lui!\u201d<\/h4>\r\n

\u0218tefan sublinia din nou func\u021bia geostrategic\u0103 a Moldovei de avanpost al lumii cre\u0219tine \u00een fa\u021ba expansiunii otomane: \u201eNu vreau s\u0103 mai spun c\u00e2t de folositoare este pentru trebuirile cre\u0219tine aceast\u0103 \u021bar\u0103 a mea; socotesc c\u0103 este de prisos, fiindc\u0103 lucrul e prea limpede, c\u0103 ea este cetatea de ap\u0103rare a \u021a\u0103rii Ungure\u0219ti \u0219i a Poloniei \u0219i straja acestor dou\u0103 cr\u0103ii. Afar\u0103 de aceasta, fiindc\u0103 turcul s-a \u00eempiedicat de mine, mul\u021bi cre\u0219tini au r\u0103mas \u00een lini\u0219te patru ani\u201d. Domnul Moldovei avertiza c\u0103 viitoarea lovitur\u0103 otoman\u0103 va fi \u00eendreptat\u0103 \u00eempotriva celor dou\u0103 cet\u0103\u021bi, Chilia \u0219i Cetatea Alb\u0103.<\/h4>\r\n

Apelurile lui \u0218tefan nu au avut nici de ast\u0103 dat\u0103 ecou, cu at\u00e2t mai mult cu c\u00e2t, la \u00eenceputul anului 1479, Vene\u021bia a \u00eencheiat pace cu Poarta otoman\u0103.<\/h4>\r\n

\u0218tefan a \u00eencercat s\u0103 profite de situa\u021bia creat\u0103 de moartea lui Mehmed al II-lea, c\u00e2nd \u00eentre cei doi fii ai Cuceritorului (Fatih), Baiazid \u0219i Cem Sultan, a izbucnit un violent conflict. Voievodul moldovean \u0219i-a restabilit autoritatea asupra \u021a\u0103rii Rom\u00e2ne\u0219ti, dar succesul a fost, iar\u0103\u0219i, efemer. Victorios \u00een lupta cu fratele s\u0103u, Baiazid al II-lea, aflat sub presiunea ienicerilor, care reclamau o campanie condus\u0103 de sultan, a hot\u0103r\u00e2t s\u0103 atace cei doi \u201epl\u0103m\u00e2ni\u201d ai Moldovei \u2013 Chilia \u0219i Cetatea Alb\u0103 \u2013, pentru a des\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2nirea otoman\u0103 asupra M\u0103rii Negre.<\/h4>\r\n

Chilia a capitulat dup\u0103 un asediu de zece zile (14 iulie 1484), iar Cetatea Alb\u0103 a fost cucerit\u0103 printr-un asalt turco-t\u0103tar dup\u0103 15 zile de asediu (7-8 august). Absen\u021ba oric\u0103rei interven\u021bii a lui \u0218tefan \u00een ap\u0103rarea cet\u0103\u021bilor este explicat\u0103 de cronicarul Grigore Ureche prin faptul c\u0103 \u201e\u0218tefan Vod\u0103 la gol n-au \u00eendr\u0103znitu s\u0103 ias\u0103 ci numai la strimtori nevoia de le f\u0103cea sminteal\u0103\u201d.<\/h4>\r\n

Pierderea Chiliei \u0219i a Cet\u0103\u021bii Albe a privat Moldova de principalele centre ale comer\u021bului s\u0103u extern \u0219i a produs o bre\u0219\u0103, imposibil de colmatat, \u00een sistemul s\u0103u de ap\u0103rare militar\u0103. \u0218tefan nu s-a putut resemna cu pierderea acestor \u201echei\u201d ale \u021b\u0103rii sale. Miz\u00e2nd pe sprijinul Poloniei, el a acceptat s\u0103 s\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219easc\u0103 un act pe care \u00eel am\u00e2nase mereu p\u00e2n\u0103 atunci: la 15 septembrie 1485, voievodul moldovean a prestat personal la Colomeea omagiul de vasalitate regelui polon; nu a fost numai o ceremonie formal\u0103, ci recunoa\u0219terea autorit\u0103\u021bii efective de suzeran a lui Cazimir al IV-lea.<\/h4>\r\n

Dac\u0103 jur\u0103m\u00e2ntul de la Colomeea i-a oferit lui \u0218tefan posibilitatea de a respinge for\u021bele otomane p\u0103trunse \u00een \u021bar\u0103 \u00een timp ce el se afla \u00een Polonia \u0219i de a le \u00eenfr\u00e2nge la C\u0103tl\u0103buga (domnul a beneficiat \u0219i de concursul unui corp de oaste polon), \u0218tefan era hot\u0103r\u00e2t s\u0103 utilizeze jocul de bascul\u0103 \u00eentre Polonia \u0219i Ungaria pentru a atenua suzeranitatea celei dint\u00e2i. Va fi jucat un rol \u00een decizia sa \u015fi revigorarea opozi\u0163iei boiere\u015fti, \u00eencurajat\u0103 de sl\u0103birea pozi\u0163iei domniei, opozi\u0163ie ce pare a se fi manifestat \u00een timpul campaniei otomane din 1486, c\u00e2nd, \u00een b\u0103t\u0103lia de la \u0218cheia (6 martie), \u00eempotriva turcilor \u0219i a pretendentului adus de ace\u0219tia, Petru cel \u0218chiop (Hronoda), domnul s-a aflat \u00eentr-o situa\u021bie critic\u0103, \u00eenainte de a ob\u021bine biruin\u021ba.<\/h4>\r\n

\u0218tefan s-a apropiat din nou de Ungaria, primind de la regele Matia Corvin cet\u0103\u021bile Ciceiul \u0219i Cetatea de Balt\u0103, cea dint\u00e2i \u0219i cu un \u00eentins domeniu.<\/h4>\r\n

Cele dou\u0103 cet\u0103\u021bi \u2013 cred \u0218tefan S. Gorovei \u0219i Maria Magdalena Szekely \u2013 aveau func\u021bia unei compensa\u021bii pentru pierderea Chiliei \u0219i Cet\u0103\u021bii Albe, regele Ungariei \u00eencuraj\u00e2nd \u00eencheierea p\u0103cii \u00eentre Moldova \u0219i Poarta otoman\u0103. \u00cen noile \u00eemprejur\u0103ri, \u0218tefan a pus cap\u0103t confrunt\u0103rii cu Imperiul otoman, accept\u00e2nd s\u0103 pl\u0103teasc\u0103 tribut Por\u021bii \u0219i ob\u021bin\u00e2nd recunoa\u0219terea statului de autonomie a Moldovei (toamna 1486).<\/h4>\r\n

Perspectiva unei noi uniuni personale polono-ungare \u2013 dup\u0103 moartea lui Matia Corvin (1490) \u2013 care f\u0103cea imposibil\u0103 politica de echilibru a Moldovei \u00eentre cele dou\u0103 regate, a deplasat spre nord centrul de greutate al politicii externe a lui \u0218tefan cel Mare. \u00cen 1490, el a ocupat Pocu\u021bia, obiectul vechiului litigiului moldo-polon, a f\u0103cut o incursiune pe teritoriul regatului vecin \u0219i s-a apropiat de marele cneaz al Moscovei, Ivan al III-lea, \u0219i chiar de Hanatul t\u0103tar din Crimeea, afla\u021bi \u00een conflictul cu Polonia \u0219i Lituania.<\/h4>\r\n

La r\u00e2ndul s\u0103u, succesorul lui Cazimir al IV-lea, Ioan Albert, pl\u0103nuia \u00eenl\u0103turarea lui \u0218tefan \u0219i instalarea \u00een domnia Moldovei a fratelui s\u0103u mai mic, Sigismund.<\/h4>\r\n

Precedat\u0103 de o perioad\u0103 de tensiune \u0219i negocieri diplomatice, destinate s\u0103 o \u00eempiedice, campania lui Ioan Albert \u00eempotriva lui \u0218tefan s-a \u00eencheiat prin victoria str\u0103lucit\u0103 a domnului Moldovei la Codrii Cozminului (26 octombrie 1497).<\/h4>\r\n

Prin tratatul de pace \u00eencheiat la H\u00e2rl\u0103u (12 iulie 1499), erau anulate constr\u00e2ngerile rezultate din jur\u0103m\u00e2ntul de la Colomeea. Regele Poloniei se angaja s\u0103 apere Moldova, iar cele dou\u0103 p\u0103r\u021bi \u00ee\u0219i asumau obliga\u021bia de a fi \u201eprieteni prietenilor \u0219i neprieteni neprietenilor lor\u201d.<\/h4>\r\n

\u0218tefan a izbutit astfel, spre sf\u00e2r\u0219itul domniei lui, s\u0103 pun\u0103 cap\u0103t a\u0219a cum f\u0103cuse cu trei decenii mai \u00eenainte fa\u021b\u0103 de Ungaria. Cu autonomia recunoscut\u0103 de Poarta otoman\u0103, Moldova se afla la apogeul puterii \u0219i prestigiului ei. O realitate \u00een\u021beleas\u0103 de supu\u0219ii s\u0103i, care, la moartea domnului (2 iulie 1504), \u201epl\u00e2ngea to\u021bi ca dup\u0103 un p\u0103rinte al s\u0103u, c\u0103 cuno\u0219tiia to\u021bi c\u0103 s-au sc\u0103patu de mult bine \u0219i de mult\u0103 ap\u0103r\u0103tur\u0103\u201d, scria Grigore Ureche; cronicarul explic\u0103 temeiurile percep\u021biei lui \u0218tefan ca sf\u00e2nt \u00een con\u0219tiin\u021ba popula\u021biei. \u201eCe dup\u0103 moartea lui p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi \u00eei zice sveti \u0218tefan Vod\u0103, nu pentru sufletu, ce iaste \u00een m\u00e2na lui Dumnezeu, c\u0103 el \u00eenc\u0103 au fostu om cu p\u0103cate, ci pentru lucrurile lui cele viteje\u0219ti, carile nimenea din domni, nici mai \u00eenainte, nici dup\u0103 aceia l-au ajunsu\u201d.<\/h4>\r\n

<\/h4>\r\n\"Mormantul<\/a> Mormantul lui Stefan cel Mare – manastirea Putna\r\n

\u00centr-adev\u0103r, cei 47 de ani ai domniei lui \u0218tefan au dat Moldovei nu numai o glorie militar\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 precedent, dar \u0219i o \u00eenflorire cultural\u0103 \u0219i artistic\u0103, reflectat\u0103 \u00een cronica scris\u0103 din ini\u021biativa domnului (p\u0103strat\u0103 \u00een mai multe variante), \u00een manuscrisele \u00eempodobite \u0219i \u00een obiecte de cult de o \u00eenalt\u0103 m\u0103iestrie artistic\u0103, precum \u0219i \u00een mul\u021bimea bisericilor \u00een\u0103l\u021bate sau ref\u0103cute de piosul voievod.<\/h4>\r\n

Florin Constantiniu – O istorie sincer\u0103 a poporului rom\u00e2n<\/em><\/h4>
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\u00cen cronistica rom\u00e2neasc\u0103, \u0218tefan cel Mare a beneficiat de un portret celebru, datorat lui Grigore Ureche, \u0219i vrednic de aRead More<\/i><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1246,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[35,28],"tags":[93,94,95,59,60,96,65,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,84,87,107],"class_list":["post-3408","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-inainte-de-unire","category-secvente-istorice","tag-alexandru-cel-bun","tag-cel-mare","tag-codrii-cozminului","tag-desteptati","tag-desteptati-va","tag-diplomatic","tag-feudal","tag-grigore-ureche","tag-imperiul-otoman","tag-matia","tag-milcov","tag-moldova","tag-oaste","tag-poarta","tag-polonia","tag-stefan","tag-stefan-cel-mare","tag-ungaria","tag-vlad-tepes","tag-voievod"],"rise-blocks_total_comments":18,"rise-blocks_categories":[{"term_id":35,"name":"Inainte de Unire","slug":"inainte-de-unire","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":35,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":28,"count":7,"filter":"raw"}],"rise-blocks_excerpt":"\u00cen cronistica rom\u00e2neasc\u0103, \u0218tefan cel Mare a beneficiat de un portret celebru, datorat lui Grigore Ureche, \u0219i vrednic de a fi cunoscut de oricine: \u201eFost-au acestu \u0218tefan Vod\u0103 om nu mare de statu, m\u00e2nios \u0219i degrabu v\u0103rs\u0103toriu de s\u00e2nge nevinovat; de multe ori la ospe\u021be omor\u00e2eau f\u0103r\u0103 jude\u021bu. Amintirilea era om \u00eentreg la fire, nelene\u0219u, \u0219i lucrul s\u0103u \u00eel \u0219tiia..","yoast_head":"\r\nMoldova la apogeu: Stefan cel Mare -<\/title>\r\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\r\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/desteptati-va.ro\/index.php\/2021\/04\/13\/moldova-la-apogeu-stefan-cel-mare\/\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Moldova la apogeu: Stefan cel Mare -\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00cen cronistica rom\u00e2neasc\u0103, \u0218tefan cel Mare a beneficiat de un portret celebru, datorat lui Grigore Ureche, \u0219i vrednic de aRead More\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/desteptati-va.ro\/index.php\/2021\/04\/13\/moldova-la-apogeu-stefan-cel-mare\/\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" 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