{"id":3483,"date":"2021-04-13T11:43:25","date_gmt":"2021-04-13T11:43:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/desteptati.ro\/?p=3483"},"modified":"2021-04-20T08:26:47","modified_gmt":"2021-04-20T08:26:47","slug":"fereastra-overton-manipulare-la-nivel-inalt","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/desteptati-va.ro\/index.php\/2021\/04\/13\/fereastra-overton-manipulare-la-nivel-inalt\/","title":{"rendered":"Fereastra Overton \u2013 manipulare la nivel inalt"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\n \t<\/i> Read Time:<\/span>5 Minute, 45 Second <\/div>\n\n <\/div>

Fereastra Overton \u2013 manipulare la nivel inalt<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\r\n

Concepte ca manipulare, dezinformare, intoxicare media, fraudare electoral\u0103 etc. sunt tot mai prezente \u00een vocabularul nostru. Opinia public\u0103 le confer\u0103 anverguri mistice, \u00eempotriva c\u0103rora nu exist\u0103 m\u0103suri de contracarare, contur\u00e2ndu-se falsa idee a unor conspira\u0163ii la nivel mondial ale tuturor \u00eempotriva tuturor.<\/h4>\r\n

De fapt nu este nicio conspira\u0163ie, efectele acestor concepte f\u0103c\u00e2nd parte dintr-o alt\u0103 tipologie, aceea a \u201eamenin\u021b\u0103rilor hibride\u201c. Toate conceptele de mai sus au la baz\u0103 instrumente sociologice (sondaje de opinie, publicitate, inginerie social\u0103 etc.) sau psihologice (de convingere). Dezvoltate de actori statali r\u0103u inten\u0163iona\u0163i, acestea pot fi transformate facil \u00een arme silen\u0163ioase \u015fi folosite \u00eempotriva \u0163intelor, \u00eentr-un r\u0103zboi t\u0103cut cu efecte devastatoare. Utilizarea lor vizeaz\u0103, printre altele, r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea confuziei \u00een r\u00e2ndul popula\u0163iei, atingerea obiectivelor prin manipularea opiniei publice \u015fi m\u0103rirea ne\u00eencrederii \u00een factorii de conducere. Efectele amenin\u0163\u0103rilor hibride, dificil de contracarat, pot fi devastatoare din punct de vedere politic, social sau economic pentru na\u0163iuni \u00eentregi.<\/h4>\r\n

\u00cen prezent, \u00eentr-o analiz\u0103 post-eveniment, efectul cel mai vizibil al acestor amenin\u0163\u0103ri a fost influen\u0163area alegerilor din mai multe state democratice: candida\u0163ii \u201eagrea\u0163i\u201c au avut succes prin promovarea pe canalele social media a unor \u015ftiri false (fake news). Mesajul promovat viza discreditarea celorlal\u0163i candida\u0163i, prin prezentarea lor \u00een fa\u0163a electoratului \u00eentr-o postur\u0103 de \u201ecorup\u0163i\u201c.<\/h4>\r\n

Mesajul virtual<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n

\u00centrebarea natural\u0103 generat\u0103 de aceste evenimente este \u201eCum au reu\u015fit?\u201c, \u0163in\u00e2nd cont c\u0103 electoratul (opinia public\u0103) nu este o mas\u0103 compact\u0103\/ unitar\u0103, fiind \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163it \u00een clase sociale diferite, av\u00e2nd culturi \u015fi opinii diferite.<\/h4>\r\n

Acest succes poate fi explicat prin evolu\u0163ia tehnologic\u0103 din ultimii ani, care a transformat radical media, prin trecerea de la suportul h\u00e2rtie \u015fi eter (canalele radio sau TV clasice) la platforme digitale. \u00cen cadrul acestora, consumatorul (opinia public\u0103 \u00een formare) poate selecta ceea ce \u00eei trebuie (sau ceea ce \u00eel reprezint\u0103). Mai mult, canalele social media reprezint\u0103 sursa de informare pentru o parte din media clasic\u0103 (tabloidele, micile publica\u0163ii etc.).<\/h4>\r\n

Cum po\u0163i s\u0103 te adresezi tuturor \u00een acela\u015fi timp, iar mesajul t\u0103u s\u0103 ajung\u0103 la fiecare individ, s\u0103 fie \u00een\u0163eles \u015fi asumat ca \u015fi c\u00e2nd ar fi p\u0103rerea lui? R\u0103spunsul se reg\u0103se\u015fte \u00een mediul de propagare. Mesajele sunt promovate \u00een spa\u0163iul virtual, pe canalele social media, cum ar fi Facebook sau Twitter. Organizarea implicit\u0103 a acestor platforme de socializare permite utilizatorilor s\u0103 aleag\u0103 propriile #canale sau #grupuri, gener\u00e2nd un \u201eefect de domino\u201c care faciliteaz\u0103 diseminarea anumitor mesaje.<\/h4>\r\n

Platformele digitale permit ca, dintr-un num\u0103r oarecare de \u201efake news\u201c publicate \u00een mediul virtual, utilizatorii s\u0103 le aleag\u0103 pe cele reprezentative pentru ei \u015fi s\u0103 le distribuie mai departe, printr-un efect de domino, \u00een listele de prieteni. Astfel, pentru a maximiza gradul de diseminare a mesajului este suficient ca \u015ftirea fals\u0103 s\u0103 fie adresat\u0103 unui anumit profil psihologic \u0163int\u0103, care s\u0103 o accepte \u015fi, \u00een final, s\u0103 o distribuie \u00een grupul de prieteni (posibil s\u0103 adauge \u015fi unele comentarii care s\u0103 sus\u0163in\u0103 mesajul). Propagarea mesajului se poate realiza p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd con\u0163inutul acestuia se perimeaz\u0103. Mesajul poate s\u0103 reapar\u0103, dup\u0103 intervale mari de timp, ca un ecou sau o replic\u0103 seismic\u0103, republicat de un utilizator.<\/h4>\r\n

Avantajele mediului virtual pentru cel care lanseaz\u0103 atacul hibrid constau \u00een faptul c\u0103 adresarea vizeaz\u0103 o mas\u0103 compact\u0103\/unitar\u0103, compus\u0103 din persoane care \u00een realitate pot s\u0103 nu aib\u0103 nicio zon\u0103 de interferen\u0163\u0103.\"\"<\/h4>\r\n

Fereastra Overton<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n

Am identificat, deci, \u201ec\u00e2mpul de ac\u0163iune\u201c \u015fi \u201epublicul \u0163int\u0103\u201c, \u00eens\u0103 lipse\u015fte mecanismul prin care con\u0163inutul unui mesaj care nu este acceptat de nimeni s\u0103 devin\u0103 acceptat de toat\u0103 lumea.<\/h4>\r\n

Un astfel de mecanism este \u201eFerestra Overton\u201c, sau trecerea unei idei de la \u201eimposibil\u201c la \u201elegal\u201c \u00een 6 pa\u015fi:\r\npasul 1 \u2013 imposibil: \u00eentr-un moment de oportunitate politic\u0103\/ social\u0103, se prezint\u0103 opiniei publice o idee (problem\u0103 sau chiar o solu\u0163ie la o problem\u0103) care este cunoscut\u0103 \u00een societate ca fiind imposibil\u0103 \u015fi de neacceptat (baz\u00e2ndu-se pe logic\u0103 \u015fi fapte). \u00cen aceast\u0103 faz\u0103 este for\u0163at\u0103 acceptarea existen\u0163ei ideii\/ problemei \u015fi sunt provocate discu\u0163iile pe tema acesteia;\r\npasul 2 \u2013 radical: este ini\u0163iat\u0103 dezbaterea ideii de c\u0103tre speciali\u015ftii \u00een domeniu, care o prezint\u0103 ca fiind radical\u0103, \u00eens\u0103 nu de neconceput. \u00cen mediul virtual, utilizatorul poate substitui specialistul, devenind chiar el vectorul de inoculare a acesteia. Ideea este \u00een continuare respins\u0103 ca neviabil\u0103;\r\npasul 3 \u2013 acceptabil: unii formatori de opinie declar\u0103 c\u0103 ideea poate fi acceptabil\u0103 \u015fi poate func\u0163iona \u00een anumite circumstan\u0163e;\r\npasul 4 \u2013 ra\u0163ional: \u201eFereastra Overton\u201c este mutat\u0103 \u00een zona ra\u0163ional\u0103, etap\u0103 \u00een care media \u00eencepe s\u0103 joace un rol foarte important \u00een \u201emanipularea auditoriului\u201c. Ideea este reprezentat\u0103 ca fiind solu\u0163ia ra\u0163ional\u0103, fiind utilizate argumente ra\u0163ionale pro \u015fi contra acesteia;\r\npasul 5 \u2013 popular: ideea este prezentat\u0103 ca fiind foarte popular\u0103, r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 \u00een societate, deseori fiind utilizate jum\u0103t\u0103\u0163i de adev\u0103ruri. Diseminarea \u015fi dezvoltarea este preluat\u0103 de \u201epostaci\u201c, accentul fiind pus pe sus\u0163inerea cantitativ\u0103 a ideii;\r\npasul 6 \u2013 legal: \u201eFereastra Overton\u201c se mut\u0103 \u00een zona legaliz\u0103rii ideii\/ problemei, prezentat\u0103 ca fiind o oportunitate politic\u0103. Politicienii promulg\u0103 o lege personalizat\u0103, care reglementeaz\u0103 ideea.<\/h4>\r\n

\u00cembinarea unor instrumente sociologice, cum ar fi teoria \u201eFerestrei Overton\u201c, cu platformele de social media de c\u0103tre unele state poate genera efecte imediate cu impact semnificativ asupra mecanismelor democratice.<\/h4>\r\n

Din punct de vedere profesional, o parte important\u0103 a activit\u0103\u0163ii de contracarare a acestui tip de atacuri se limiteaz\u0103 la a ac\u0163iona asupra punctului 6, prin comunicate media care nu mai au nici o relevan\u0163\u0103 (sunt tardive, deoarece a fost deja generat\u0103 discu\u0163ia \u015fi popularizat\u0103 viabilitatea ideii).<\/h4>\r\n

Activitatea de contracarare a unor astfel de atacuri \u201ehibride\u201c trebuie s\u0103 porneasc\u0103 de la primul punct, de la baza teoriei. Construc\u0163ia \u00een sine \u2013 ini\u0163iat\u0103 pe baza unei idei posibil gre\u015fite \u2013 poate fi de cele mai multe ori irepro\u015fabil\u0103, argumentat\u0103 logic, f\u0103r\u0103 nici o sc\u0103pare pentru grupul \u0163int\u0103. Angrenarea \u00eentr-o astfel de lupt\u0103, \u00een care trebuie aduse argumente \u00eempotriva unei construc\u0163ii logice deja acceptat\u0103 de majoritate, nu poate avea succes.<\/h4>\r\n

Un rol important \u00een identificarea, localizarea \u015fi contracararea unor astfel de amenin\u0163\u0103ri asimetrice \u00eel au structurile de intelligence, singurele care pot avea imaginea de ansamblu a fenomenului \u015fi pot lua decizia corect\u0103 cu privire la instrumentele ce trebuie folosite pentru a inhiba un astfel de atac.<\/h4>\r\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n

A combination of social media and sociological tools and methods can be used to influence public opinion on a specific issue, paving the road for achieving malevolent goals by private and state actors alike. By design, social media is capable of providing a channel able to send mass messages.<\/h4>\r\n

One of the sociological tools employed is \u201cOverton window\u201d, which can be used to identify, \u201cstretch\u201d or \u201cremodel\u201d what is deemed acceptable by a society at a certain moment. The final objective could be effectively ensuring the general acceptance (and even legalization) of an idea previously thought unacceptable, with damaging effects to the society in question.\r\nThe article analyses the mechanism employed to influence public opinion and generate the desired outcomes and concludes that the best moment to counter this type of hybrid threat is in its initial stage.<\/h4>\r\n

Autori:<\/strong>\u00a0Petric\u0103 Alupoaie \u015fi Flavius Sichitiu<\/h4>
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Fereastra Overton \u2013 manipulare la nivel inalt Concepte ca manipulare, dezinformare, intoxicare media, fraudare electoral\u0103 etc. sunt tot mai prezenteRead More<\/i><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3327,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[12,218],"tags":[213,214],"class_list":["post-3483","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-din-lumea-larga","category-general","tag-dezinformare","tag-manipulare"],"rise-blocks_total_comments":0,"rise-blocks_categories":[{"term_id":12,"name":"Din lumea larga","slug":"din-lumea-larga","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":12,"taxonomy":"category","description":"Informatii din lumea intreaga","parent":0,"count":3,"filter":"raw"}],"rise-blocks_excerpt":"Fereastra Overton \u2013 manipulare la nivel inalt Concepte ca manipulare, dezinformare, intoxicare media, fraudare electoral\u0103 etc. sunt tot mai prezente \u00een vocabularul nostru. Opinia public\u0103 le confer\u0103 anverguri mistice, \u00eempotriva c\u0103rora nu exist\u0103 m\u0103suri de contracarare, contur\u00e2ndu-se falsa idee a unor conspira\u0163ii la nivel mondial ale tuturor \u00eempotriva tuturor. De fapt nu este nicio conspira\u0163ie, efectele acestor concepte f\u0103c\u00e2nd parte..","yoast_head":"\r\nFereastra Overton \u2013 manipulare la nivel inalt -<\/title>\r\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\r\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/desteptati-va.ro\/index.php\/2021\/04\/13\/fereastra-overton-manipulare-la-nivel-inalt\/\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fereastra Overton \u2013 manipulare la nivel inalt -\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Fereastra Overton \u2013 manipulare la nivel inalt Concepte ca manipulare, dezinformare, intoxicare media, fraudare electoral\u0103 etc. sunt tot mai prezenteRead More\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/desteptati-va.ro\/index.php\/2021\/04\/13\/fereastra-overton-manipulare-la-nivel-inalt\/\" 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