{"id":3736,"date":"2021-04-16T08:50:06","date_gmt":"2021-04-16T08:50:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/desteptati.ro\/?p=3736"},"modified":"2022-01-31T14:52:33","modified_gmt":"2022-01-31T12:52:33","slug":"transilvania-intre-moscova-si-budapesta","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/desteptati-va.ro\/index.php\/2021\/04\/16\/transilvania-intre-moscova-si-budapesta\/","title":{"rendered":"Transilvania \u00eentre Moscova \u015fi Budapesta"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\n \t<\/i> Read Time:<\/span>6 Minute, 19 Second <\/div>\n\n <\/div>

La \u00eenceputul celui de-al doilea r\u00e3zboi mondial, chestiunea teritorial\u00e3 basarabean\u00e3 \u015fi cea transilv\u00e3nean\u00e3 erau str\u00e2ns conexate \u00een concep\u0163ia sovietic\u00e3. Politica dus\u00e3 de Comintern, ca Rom\u00e2nia s\u00e3 cedeze acele teritorii \u00eempreun\u00e3 cu Bucovina \u015fi Dobrogea, a fost revigorat\u00e3 dup\u00e3 criza cehoslovac\u00e3 din 1938, c\u00e2nd Moscova a \u00eenceput s\u00e3-\u015fi declare sprijinul pentru iredentismul teritorial al guvernului Horthy. Evolu\u0163ia a fost predictibil\u00e3 date fiind interesele comune ale \u201eUngariei \u015fi Uniunii Sovietice fa\u0163\u00e3 de Rom\u00e2nia, care le-au apropiat pe primele doua\u201d, dup\u00e3 primul r\u00e3zboi mondial. Mesajul nu a trecut nerecep\u0163ionat la Budapesta. \u00cenc\u00e3 odat\u00e3 se prefigura formarea unei coali\u0163ii sovieto-maghiaro-bulgare pentru o ofensiv\u00e3 \u00eempotriva Rom\u00e2niei. Paradoxal, Berlinul formase deja o coali\u0163ie cu Ungaria \u015fi Bulgaria, iar, \u00een 1939, va face acela\u015fi lucru cu URSS, ca parte compinent\u00e3 a scopului mai larg al lui Hitler de a redesena frontierele europene \u015fi a redefini balan\u0163a de putere.<\/h4>\n

Pamant Romanesc in sfera de interese sovieto-maghiare<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Horthy l-a rechemat imediat pe generalul Henrik Werth de la pensie \u015fi l-a numit \u015feful statului major al Honved. Werth, un veteran al opera\u0163iunilor Armatei Ro\u015fii Maghiare din prima campanie transilv\u00e3nean\u00e3 din 1919, a prezentat planurile unei ofensive militare \u00een Transilvania, prin v\u00e3ile Some\u015fului \u015fi Mure\u015fului, cu alocarea unui rol semnificativ opera\u0163iunilor de sabotaj ale organiza\u0163iilor paramilitare care se preg\u00e3tiser\u00e3 pentru recuperarea militar\u00e3 a Transilvaniei de la \u00eenceputul anilor `30. Spre exemplu, Membrii Asocia\u0163iei Tr\u00e3g\u00e3torilor de Elit\u00e3 Maghiari (Orsz\u00e1gos Magyar L\u00f6v\u00e9sz Egyes\u00fclet) erau antrena\u0163i \u00een ordinele militare ale celor 22 de contingente militare ungare etnice din cadrul armatei rom\u00e2ne, cu scopul evident al infiltr\u00e3rii \u015fi subversiunii.<\/h4>\n

\u00centre 1938 \u015fi 1939, spionajul maghiar a organizat, din nou, re\u0163ele de partizani pentru a sprijini invazia militar\u00e3. \u00cen toamna lui 1939, Serviciul de Siguran\u0163\u00e3 Intern\u00e3 al Rom\u00e2niei a descoperit astfel de grupuri care operau \u00een Carei, Cehul Silvaniei, Cluj, Hunedoara, Marghita, Miercurea Ciuc, Odorhei, Satu Mare, T\u00e2rgu Mure\u015f \u015fi Zal\u00e3u. Grupul Satu Mare, unul dintre cele mai mari, cuprindea 130 de persoane \u015fi era condus de clerici catolici \u015fi reforma\u0163i \u00eempreun\u00e3 cu personal militar de la Budapesta, mul\u0163i dintre ei fiind instructori \u00een unitatea paramilitar\u00e3 Rongyos G\u00e1rda (Garda Furioas\u00e3). Rongyos G\u00e1rda, format\u00e3 mai ales din veterani maghiari din Transilvania, \u015fi-a c\u00e2\u015ftigat reputa\u0163ia de a fi de o brutalitate excesiv\u00e3 \u00een perioada \u00een care a activat pentru dezmembrarea Cehoslovaciei, ocuparea Ruteniei, invazia german\u00e3 \u00een Polonia \u015fi prin atrocit\u00e3\u0163ile din Serbia. Pe l\u00e2ng\u00e3 sarcinile principale de provocare a panicii \u015fi \u00eengreunare a retragerii armatei rom\u00e2ne, ea avea \u015fi scopul de a crea un pretext plauzibil, \u00een opinia interna\u0163ional\u00e3, pentru interven\u0163ia armat\u00e3 a Ungariei. \u00cen acest sens ei au pl\u00e3nuit \u201earderea satelor germane (\u015fvabe sau s\u00e3se\u015fti)\u201d  \u00eenso\u021bit\u00e3 de o campanie de propagand\u00e3 centralizat\u00e3 pentru atribuirea acestor atrocit\u00e3\u0163i autorit\u00e3\u0163ilor rom\u00e2ne na\u0163ionaliste.<\/h4>\n

Inten\u0163ia Moscovei de a intra \u00een Basarabia, sprijinul fa\u0163\u00e3 de preten\u0163iile Ungariei \u015fi \u00eencurajarea preten\u0163iilor Bulgariei asupra Dobrogei au devenit explicite aproape imediat dup\u00e3 semnarea pactului Hitler-Stalin, \u00een august 1939. La \u00eenceputul lui decembrie, fostul \u015fef al PCR \u2013 \u015fi secesionist militant al Dobrogei \u2013 Boris Stefanov a publicat un articol \u00een ziarul Cominternului \u00een care sugera cesiunea iminent\u00e3 a provinciilor rom\u00e2ne\u015fti \u015fi pleda pentru necesitatea stabilirii de baze militare sovietice \u00een aceste teritorii. Guvernul maghiar \u015fi conducerea armatei \u201es-au angajat instantaneu \u00een preg\u00e3tiri militare \u015fi diplomatice fervente\u201d, care urmau s\u00e3 le permit\u00e3 s\u00e3 ac\u0163ioneze la izbucnirea unui conflict rom\u00e2no-sovietic. Generalul Werth, care \u00eentocmise pentru Consiliul Suprem al Ap\u00e3r\u00e3rii al lui Horthy c\u00e2teva proiecte \u201eale unei conven\u0163ii militare cu Uniunea Sovietic\u00e3 pentru coordonarea momentului atacului\u201d, a fost acum autorizat s\u00e3 negocieze cu partenerii sovietici \u015fi \u201ea fost realizat un plan detaliat cu specificarea preten\u0163iilor Ungariei asupra Rom\u00e2niei \u015fi a condi\u0163iilor interven\u0163iei\u201d. Werth era sprijinit de Horthy \u015fi de un num\u00e3r de ofi\u0163eri superiori, inclusiv de viitorul s\u00e3u succesor, generalul Ferenc Szombathelyi, \u201ecare considera c\u00e3 \u00eencheierea unei \u00een\u0163elegeri cu Rusia, \u00een defavoarea Rom\u00e2niei este \u015fi posibil\u00e3, \u015fi dezirabil\u00e3 \u201d. Generalul Gabor Faragho, veteran al primului r\u00e3zboi mondial, vorbitor de limba rus\u00e3, implicat \u00een negocieri, a fost numit ata\u015fat militar la Moscova pe 1 iulie 1940, imediat dup\u00e3 anexarea Basarabiei \u015fi a Bucovinei de Nord. \u00cen prima parte a anului 1940, ambasadorul german la Budapesta a raportat uluit c\u00e2t de deschis \u201eambasadorul sovietic de aici \u00eencuraja Ungaria s\u00e3 treac\u00e3 la ac\u0163iune armat\u00e3 \u00eempotriva Transilvaniei\u201d, idee pe care o exprimase \u015fi fa\u0163\u00e3 de ambasadorul german. De asemenea, ambasadorul german de la Moscova raporta c\u00e3 Molotov, care de obicei nu avea primiri dec\u00e2t la nivel de ambasadori, acum primea \u015fi diver\u015fi unguri de rang inferior. Pe 25 iunie 1940, la numai c\u00e2teva zile dup\u00e3 ce for\u0163ele sovietice invadaser\u00e3 Basarabia \u015fi Bucovina, Molotov l-a informat \u015fi pe ambasadorul Italiei \u00een leg\u00e3tur\u00e3 cu sprijinul Moscovei fa\u0163\u00e3 de \u201epreten\u0163iile la adresa Rom\u00e2niei\u201d exprimate de Ungaria \u015fi Bulgaria. Moscova f\u00e3cea presiuni asupra Bulgariei s\u00e3 solicite \u00eentreaga Dobroge, cu scopul evident de a crea o grani\u0163\u00e3 continu\u00e3 \u00eentre Uniunea Sovietic\u00e3 \u015fi Bulgaria. Cu ocazia primirii de felicit\u00e3ri din partea ofi\u0163erilor de informa\u0163ii bulgari pentru anexarea Basarabiei, partenerii sovietici le-au transmis c\u00e3 \u201ee posibil s\u00e3 ne mai \u00eent\u00e2lnim o dat\u00e3 pe Dun\u00e3re.\u201d<\/h4>\n

<\/h4>\n
\"Molotov\"<\/a>
Molotov<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

La mai pu\u0163in de 24 de ore dup\u00e3 trimiterea ultimatumului Moscovei c\u00e3tre Rom\u00e2nia, reprezentantul maghiar la Moscova, Istvan Krist\u00f3ffy, \u00ee\u015fi exprima \u201emarea satisfac\u0163ie\u201d \u00een fa\u0163a adjunctului comisarului sovietic pentru rela\u0163ii externe (\u015fi \u015fef al departamentului extern al NKVD), Vladimir G. Dekanazov. Dup\u00e3 solicitarea Comisarului sef Molotov \u201ede a influen\u0163a Iugoslavia s\u00e3 p\u00e3streze t\u00e3cerea \u00een cazul \u00een care Ungaria va trebui s\u00e3 intre \u00een conflict cu Rom\u00e2nia\u201d pentru anexarea Transilvaniei, ministrul maghiar de externe putea nota cu satisfac\u0163ie c\u00e3 \u201eIugoslavia este calm\u00e3 \u015fi c\u00e3 el nu crede \u00een posibilitatea ca Iugoslavia s\u00e3 intervin\u00e3 \u00een cazul unui conflict rom\u00e2no-maghiar\u201d. De asemenea, ministrul adjunct de externe maghiar \u00eel felicita pe ambasadorul sovietic de la Budapesta, afirm\u00e2nd c\u00e3 \u201e(ungurii) sunt mai ferici\u0163i pentru aceasta dec\u00e2t oricare alt stat, deoarece pentru ei \u00eenseamna lichidarea principiului integrit\u00e3\u0163ii teritoriale a Rom\u00e2niei \u015fi o posibilitate mai facil\u00e3 de a continua ceea ce (sovieticii) \u00eencepuser\u00e3\u201d. Molotov l-a reasigurat pe Krist\u00f3ffy c\u00e3 Moscova considera \u201epreten\u0163iile Ungariei asupra Rom\u00e2niei ca fiind bine fundamentate\u201d, ad\u00e3ug\u00e2nd c\u00e3 Budapesta putea conta pe sprijinul Moscovei la \u201eorice conferin\u0163\u00e3 interna\u0163ional\u00e3 la care se va ridica problema preten\u0163iilor Ungariei.\u201d Ministrul maghiar de externe a exprimat \u201eprofundele mul\u0163umiri\u201d ale guvernului s\u00e3u pentru prietenia \u015fi sprijinul Moscovei, inform\u00e2ndu-l pe ambasadorul sovietic de la Budapesta c\u00e3, Honvedul fiind total mobilizat, \u201eUngaria era gata s\u00e3 \u00eenceap\u00e3 r\u00e3zboiul\u201d.<\/h4>\n

Ca o ironie, aliatul Ungariei, Germania a \u00eempiedicat-o s\u00e3 atace pentru a-si facilita accesul la resursele Rom\u00e2niei, arbitr\u00e2nd \u00een schimb transferul nordului Transilvaniei la Ungaria, pe 30 august 1940. La \u00eenceputul campaniei din est, \u00een 1941, Molotov \u00eei reamintea lui Krist\u00f3ffy sprijinul Moscovei fa\u0163\u00e3 de preten\u0163iile Ungariei asupra Rom\u00e2niei, precum \u015fi \u201edespre tratatul comercial foarte avantajos dintre cele dou\u00e3 \u0163\u00e3ri\u201d, insist\u00e2nd c\u00e3 \u201enu era necesar ca Ungaria s\u00e3 intre \u00eentr-un r\u00e3zboi germano-rus\u201d. Kremlinul sublinia c\u00e3 \u201enu a obiectat niciodat\u00e3 \u015fi nu va obiecta nici acum la preten\u0163iile revizioniste ale Ungariei privitoare la Transilvania\u201d \u015fi c\u00e3 \u201eUngaria va putea conta \u015fi \u00een viitor pe sprijinul sovietic \u00een privin\u0163a Transilvaniei\u201d dac\u00e3 nu va participa militar \u00een campanie. Budapesta a f\u00e3cut eforturi semnificative pentru a-\u015fi men\u0163ine rela\u0163iile cu Kremlinul, propun\u00e2nd chiar Berlinului s\u00e3 men\u0163in\u00e3 lega\u0163ia de la Moscova pe perioada r\u00e3zboiului, ca un canal de comunica\u0163ie pentru eventuale negocieri de pace dintre Al Treilea Reich \u015fi Uniunea Sovietic\u00e3. Consecvent acestei colabor\u00e3ri \u00eempotriva Rom\u00e2niei, Stalin a considerat c\u00e3 se cuvenea s\u00e3 acorde un alibi Ungariei, afirm\u00e2nd la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul r\u00e3zboiului c\u00e3 \u201earmata fascist\u00e3 german\u00e3\u201d a avut \u201epe front numai sprijinul direct al trupelor italiene, rom\u00e2ne \u015fi finlandeze\u201d.<\/h4>\n

Larry Watts, istoric american<\/em><\/h4>
\n
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La \u00eenceputul celui de-al doilea r\u00e3zboi mondial, chestiunea teritorial\u00e3 basarabean\u00e3 \u015fi cea transilv\u00e3nean\u00e3 erau str\u00e2ns conexate \u00een concep\u0163ia sovietic\u00e3. PoliticaRead More<\/i><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4622,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[168,591,59,60,784,626,513,262,789,72,179,164,605,788,155,135],"class_list":["post-3736","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-transilvania","tag-armata","tag-comintern","tag-desteptati","tag-desteptati-va","tag-honved","tag-horthy","tag-maghiar","tag-moscova","tag-pcr","tag-politica","tag-romania","tag-rusia","tag-siguranta","tag-sovietic","tag-spionaj","tag-transilvania"],"rise-blocks_total_comments":2,"rise-blocks_categories":[{"term_id":51,"name":"Transilvania","slug":"transilvania","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":51,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":13,"filter":"raw"}],"rise-blocks_excerpt":"La \u00eenceputul celui de-al doilea r\u00e3zboi mondial, chestiunea teritorial\u00e3 basarabean\u00e3 \u015fi cea transilv\u00e3nean\u00e3 erau str\u00e2ns conexate \u00een concep\u0163ia sovietic\u00e3. Politica dus\u00e3 de Comintern, ca Rom\u00e2nia s\u00e3 cedeze acele teritorii \u00eempreun\u00e3 cu Bucovina \u015fi Dobrogea, a fost revigorat\u00e3 dup\u00e3 criza cehoslovac\u00e3 din 1938, c\u00e2nd Moscova a \u00eenceput s\u00e3-\u015fi declare sprijinul pentru iredentismul teritorial al guvernului Horthy. Evolu\u0163ia a fost predictibil\u00e3 date..","yoast_head":"\r\nTransilvania \u00eentre Moscova \u015fi Budapesta -<\/title>\r\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\r\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/desteptati-va.ro\/index.php\/2021\/04\/16\/transilvania-intre-moscova-si-budapesta\/\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Transilvania \u00eentre Moscova \u015fi Budapesta -\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"La \u00eenceputul celui de-al doilea r\u00e3zboi mondial, chestiunea teritorial\u00e3 basarabean\u00e3 \u015fi cea transilv\u00e3nean\u00e3 erau str\u00e2ns conexate \u00een concep\u0163ia sovietic\u00e3. 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