{"id":4018,"date":"2021-04-19T09:48:13","date_gmt":"2021-04-19T09:48:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/desteptati.ro\/?p=4018"},"modified":"2022-01-18T11:18:16","modified_gmt":"2022-01-18T09:18:16","slug":"contracararea-controlului-sovietic-1953-1964","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/desteptati-va.ro\/index.php\/2021\/04\/19\/contracararea-controlului-sovietic-1953-1964\/","title":{"rendered":"Contracararea controlului sovietic: 1953-1964"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\n \t<\/i> Read Time:<\/span>6 Minute, 43 Second <\/div>\n\n <\/div>

\u00cen Rom\u00e2nia, chiar \u015fi printre oficialii Partidului Comunist, se dezvolta o atitudine nes\u0103n\u0103toas\u0103 na\u0163ionalist\u0103 \u015fi anti-sovietic\u0103, care trebuia retezat\u0103 de la r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103. \u2026M\u0103m\u0103ligarii* nu sunt o na\u0163iune, ci ni\u015fte prostituate. (M\u0103m\u0103ligari \u2013 \u2018consumatori de f\u0103in\u0103 de porumb\u2019 \u2013 un alt fel de a spune \u2018\u0163\u0103rani rom\u00e2ni pro\u015fti\u2019 sau in varianta Brucan \u2018stupid people\u2019 \u2013 era un termen depreciativ folosit de ru\u015fi pentru a face referire la rom\u00e2nii din Moldova \u015fi Ucraina \u00eenc\u0103 din secolul 19.)<\/h4>\n

– Nikita Hru\u015fciov, septembrie 1960<\/h4>\n

\u00centr-un stat socialist, nu p\u0103strezi re\u0163elele de informa\u0163ii din interiorul Partidului dec\u00e2t dac\u0103 e\u015fti convins c\u0103 te afli \u00eentr-o pozi\u0163ie de suprema\u0163ie, [iar] cel\u0103lalt \u00een pozi\u0163ie de subordonat \u2026 nu reprezint\u0103 numai o \u00eenc\u0103lcare a suveranit\u0103\u0163ii, ci dovede\u015fte ceva mai greu de definit, rela\u0163ia dintre st\u0103p\u00e2n \u015fi sclav. \u2026 Noi am pus problema ca ei s\u0103 nu aib\u0103 re\u0163ele de agen\u0163i \u00een nici o \u0163ar\u0103 socialist\u0103, iar acest lucru l-a determinat pe Hru\u015fciov s\u0103 ne numeasc\u0103 \u201cnemernici\u201d<\/h4>\n

\u2013 Gheorghe Gheorghiu Dej, august 1963<\/h4>\n

\u00cencerc\u0103rile rom\u00e2nilor de a-\u015fi declara independen\u0163a din punct de vedere economic fa\u0163\u0103 de CAER ar putea fi tolerate, \u00eens\u0103, dac\u0103 sunt at\u00e2t de nechibzui\u0163i \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 \u00eencerce s\u0103 p\u0103r\u0103seasc\u0103 Tratatul de la Var\u015fovia, atunci solda\u0163ii no\u015ftri \u2026vor avea ultimul cuv\u00e2nt \u2026 \u00centreaga situa\u0163ie din Balcani ar putea deveni de necontrolat dac\u0103 Rom\u00e2nia ar decide s\u0103 urmeze Iugoslavia \u015fi Albania \u00een tab\u0103ra anti-sovietic\u0103.<\/h4>\n

– Nikita Hru\u015fciov, august 1964<\/h4>\n

<\/h4>\n

<\/h4>\n
\"Gheorghe
Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Presiunea exercitat\u0103 pentru a dob\u00e2ndi controlul asupra aspectelor economice ale Rom\u00e2niei \u00ee\u015fi are \u00eenceputurile la numai dou\u0103 zile dup\u0103 decesul lui Stalin. La 7 martie 1953, Gheorghiu Dej informa Comitetul Central c\u0103 sf\u0103tuitorii sovietici care controlau economia \u201ctrebuie s\u0103 predea func\u0163iile pe care le-au de\u0163inut p\u00e2n\u0103 acum unor reprezentan\u0163i din \u0163ara noastr\u0103\u201d . Gheorghiu Dej era convins c\u0103 Sovromurile erau menite numai s\u0103 exploateze \u015fi nu erau cu nimic mai bune dec\u00e2t institu\u0163iile capitaliste, opinie care i-a creat probleme \u00eenc\u0103 din 1947. Cu toate acestea, \u00eenc\u0103 din 1951, ofi\u0163erii de informa\u0163ii rom\u00e2ni se pl\u00e2ngeau \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu \u00eencerc\u0103rile repetate ale consilierilor GRU \u201cde a interveni \u00een problemele interne ale Direc\u0163iei Militare de Informa\u0163ii \u015fi de a prelua conducerea acesteia\u201d. P\u00e2n\u0103 la mijlocul anului 1954, Rom\u00e2nia a fost primul membru al Blocului care \u015fi-a \u201crecump\u0103rat\u201d Sovromurile (cu excep\u0163ia a dou\u0103 care se ocupau cu extrac\u0163ia de petrol \u015fi uraniu \u015fi la care Moscova a refuzat s\u0103 renun\u0163e p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1957).<\/h4>\n

Scurta perioad\u0103 de relaxare din perioada de tranzi\u0163ie traversat\u0103 de conduc\u0103torii sovietici s-a dovedit a fi o bun\u0103 oportunitate pentru to\u0163i membrii Blocului s\u0103 \u00ee\u015fi renegocieze rela\u0163iile cu Moscova (\u015fi pentru popula\u0163ie s\u0103 \u00ee\u015fi manifeste dolean\u0163ele reprimate p\u00e2n\u0103 atunci). Pe fondul primelor revolte anti-sovietice din Germania de Est \u015fi Cehoslovacia, toate statele socialiste \u2018\u00eenfr\u0103\u0163ite\u2019 erau \u00een c\u0103utarea unui nou stil de via\u0163\u0103. Budapesta, cu sus\u0163inerea clar\u0103 a unor lideri sovietici, \u015fi-a reiterat preten\u0163iile asupra unor teritorii din Rom\u00e2nia. \u00cen septembrie 1954, at\u00e2t R\u00e1kosi, c\u00e2t \u015fi primul ministru Imre Nagy s-au pl\u00e2ns conducerii de la Bucure\u015fti c\u0103 rela\u0163iile bilaterale sunt \u201creci\u201d \u015fi \u201cnesatisf\u0103c\u0103toare\u201d \u015fi au devenit \u201ctot mai fragile\u201d, mai distante, fapt ce \u00eengreuna tot mai mult colaborarea. (Acest schimb de replici a fost declan\u015fat de o scrisoare pe care Nagy i-a trimis-o lui Dej prin Zoltan Vass la 16 septembrie 1954, al c\u0103rei con\u0163inut a fost redat aproape cuv\u00e2nt cu cuv\u00e2nt de c\u0103tre R\u00e1kosi lui Valter Roman c\u00e2teva zile mai t\u00e2rziu). Apel\u00e2nd la Valter Roman, un fost tovar\u0103\u015f din Comintern \u015fi fost membru al aripii transilv\u0103nene din Budapesta, R\u00e1kosi d\u0103dea fr\u00e2u liber nemul\u0163umirilor personale cu privire la Transilvania \u015fi \u00ee\u015fi relua \u00eencerc\u0103rile insistente de a-l convinge pe Stalin \u201cc\u0103 o parte din Transilvania trebuie retrocedat\u0103 Ungariei\u201d \u2013 afirm\u00e2nd chiar c\u0103 l-a convins pe liderul sovietic c\u0103 \u201c\u00een Transilvania sunt mai mul\u0163i unguri dec\u00e2t rom\u00e2ni\u201d, fapt ce l-a determinat pe interlocutorul s\u0103u rom\u00e2n s\u0103 riposteze spun\u00e2nd c\u0103, dac\u0103 poate sus\u0163ine o asemenea minciun\u0103 flagrant\u0103, \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 s-a folosit de \u201cstatisticile revizioniste hortiste\u201d. Pus \u00een dificultate, R\u00e1kosi a descris \u00een continuare eforturile pe care le-a depus \u00een timpul conferin\u0163ei de pace de la Paris pentru \u201c\u2018a rezolva\u2019 problema Transilvaniei, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t o parte s\u0103 fie atribuit\u0103 Ungariei.\u201d (R\u00e1kosi a f\u0103cut trimitere la vizita sa f\u0103cut\u0103 premierului britanic Clement Attlee, dar se pare c\u0103 nu a men\u0163ionat vizita efectuat\u0103 la Washington). Liderul Partidului Ungar a propus, atunci, ca cele dou\u0103 p\u0103r\u0163i s\u0103 rezolve \u201cproblema\u201d \u201cprin schimbul de popula\u0163ii \u015fi corectarea frontierelor\u201d \u00een situa\u0163ia actual\u0103, mai propice. R\u00e1kosi a explicat c\u0103, \u00een timp ce \u00eenainte \u201cera imposibil s\u0103 se ridice problema teritorial\u0103\u201d deoarece op\u0163iunile politice ale Ungariei \u015fi Rom\u00e2niei r\u0103m\u00e2neau incerte, \u201cacum, c\u00e2nd ambele \u0163\u0103ri au p\u0103\u015fit pe calea socialismului, problema ar putea fi rezolvat\u0103 \u00een spirit fratern\u201d prin negocierea \u00een secret a transferurilor necesare \u00eentre conducerile de partid.<\/h4>\n

<\/h4>\n
\"Matyas<\/a>
Matyas Rakosi<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Roman l-a informat pe Gheorghiu Dej asupra acestui fapt, ad\u0103ug\u00e2nd c\u0103, \u00een perioada petrecut\u0103 \u00een Comintern la Moscova, a fost \u00een permanen\u0163\u0103 abordat de R\u00e1kosi, R\u00e9vai, Imre Nagy \u015fi al\u0163i tovar\u0103\u015fi unguri pentru ca Transilvania sau o parte din aceasta s\u0103 fie transferat\u0103 Ungariei dup\u0103 r\u0103zboi, R\u00e1kosi \u015fi R\u00e9vai prefer\u00e2nd grani\u0163ele trasate de \u201carbitrajul\u201d lui Hitler.<\/h4>\n

Problema a r\u0103mas una arz\u0103toare p\u00e2n\u0103 la \u00eent\u00e2lnirea de la Budapesta din 6 aprilie 1955 \u00eentre o delega\u0163ie PCR format\u0103 din Bodn\u0103ra\u015f, ministrul de externe Simion Bughici (\u00eenlocuitorul lui Pauker) \u015fi Janos Fazecas, \u015fi liderii Partidului Comunist Ungar R\u00e1kosi, Ger\u00f6 \u015fi Andr\u00e1s Heged\u00fas. Delega\u0163ia rom\u00e2n\u0103 a criticat partea ungar\u0103 pentru preten\u0163iile teritoriale, condamn\u00e2nd refuzul constant al Budapestei de a recunoa\u015fte f\u0103r\u0103 echivoc grani\u0163ele stabilite prin tratatul de pace, precum \u015fi insisten\u0163a cu care R\u00e1kosi expunea \u201cproblema Transilvaniei\u201d \u00een discursurile \u015fi publica\u0163iile sale, ca \u015fi cum problema apartenen\u0163ei acesteia ar fi r\u0103mas nerezolvat\u0103. Discursul lui R\u00e0kosi din noiembrie 1954 era intitulat Constituirea Partidului Comunist din Ungaria \u015fi lupta pentru victoria revolu\u0163iei proletare). Cum era posibil, \u00eentrebau ei, ca presa, industria de film \u015fi teatrul controlate de comuni\u015fti, precum \u015fi personalit\u0103\u0163ile culturale comuniste s\u0103 fac\u0103 afirma\u0163ii v\u0103dit iredentiste ca \u201cTransilvania este inima Ungariei \u015fi f\u0103r\u0103 Transilvania Ungaria nu poate tr\u0103i\u201d, \u201ccel mai puternic scut al eternei na\u0163iuni ungure\u015fti este Transilvania\u201d, \u201cTransilvania [este] fort\u0103rea\u0163a ce va salva Ungaria\u201d \u015fi \u201cf\u0103r\u0103 Transilvania, nu exist\u0103 Ungaria, deoarece Transilvania a fost mereu adev\u0103rata Ungarie\u201d?<\/h4>\n

Solicitarea Ambasadei Ungariei pentru includerea unei h\u0103r\u0163i a Regiunii Autonome Ungare ca anex\u0103 la harta Ungariei \u00eentr-un atlas geografic ce urma a fi tip\u0103rit ilustra aceast\u0103 problem\u0103. Ministrul rom\u00e2n de externe a \u00eentrebat dac\u0103 Ungaria considera c\u0103 Regiunea Autonom\u0103 Ungar\u0103 este parte integrant\u0103 a Rom\u00e2niei sau o anex\u0103 a Ungariei. \u015ei mai sup\u0103r\u0103tor a fost faptul c\u0103, \u00een ciuda solicit\u0103rilor repetate ale p\u0103r\u0163ii rom\u00e2ne \u015fi a acordului formal al ungurilor, Budapesta nu \u015fi-a \u00eenchis biroul de pa\u015fapoarte din Cluj, ce fusese \u00eenfiin\u0163at \u00een 1949 pentru a facilita transferul zecilor de mii de cet\u0103\u0163eni ungari care se aflau \u00eenc\u0103 pe teritoriul Transilvaniei.<\/h4>\n

\u00cen schimb, biroul \u00eencuraja \u015fovinismul ungar \u015fi \u00ee\u015fi \u201casuma rolul de a veghea la respectarea drepturilor minorit\u0103\u0163ii ungare\u201d (Fazekas a emis aceast\u0103 critic\u0103, remarc\u00e2nd c\u0103, cu numai patru zile \u00eenainte, biroul g\u0103zduise o recep\u0163ie la Cluj la care au participat prim-secretarii partidelor regionale din Cluj, T\u00e2rgu Mure\u015f \u015fi Hunedoara, f\u0103r\u0103 ca invita\u0163iile s\u0103 fie trimise oficial). \u201cUnica justificare pentru p\u0103strarea acestui birou\u201d, declara ministrul rom\u00e2n de externe, a fost aceea \u201cde a men\u0163ine iluzia \u015fi speran\u0163a c\u0103 problema Transilvaniei nu s-a rezolvat definitiv\u201d, pozi\u0163ie defavorabil\u0103 pentru Rom\u00e2nia \u015fi pentru Ungaria \u015fi \u201cutil\u0103 numai inamicilor no\u015ftri\u201d.<\/h4>\n

Ungurii au cedat \u00een privin\u0163a tuturor aspectelor, cu excep\u0163ia lui R\u00e1kosi, care \u015fi-a men\u0163inut pozi\u0163ia conform c\u0103reia scriitorii Unguri aveau dreptul s\u0103 abordeze subiectul Transilvaniei (iar replica rom\u00e2nilor a fost c\u0103 aceasta constituia o problem\u0103 numai atunci c\u00e2nd scriitorii unguri se refereau exclusiv la Transilvania). \u00cenvinuind na\u0163ionalismul premierului Imre Nagy, \u201cindependen\u0163a\u201d reprobabil\u0103 a ziarelor \u015fi scriitorilor, precum \u015fi lipsa unui control strict din partea partidului, liderii Partidului Ungar au fost de acord c\u0103 \u201cproblema Transilvaniei trebuie considerat\u0103 \u00eencheiat\u0103\u201d. \u00cen plus, ei au promis ca tratatul de pace \u015fi grani\u0163ele actuale s\u0103 fie prezentate \u00een noua istorie a partidului ungar ca fiind \u201ccorecte\u201d.<\/h4>
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\u00cen Rom\u00e2nia, chiar \u015fi printre oficialii Partidului Comunist, se dezvolta o atitudine nes\u0103n\u0103toas\u0103 na\u0163ionalist\u0103 \u015fi anti-sovietic\u0103, care trebuia retezat\u0103 deRead More<\/i><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2995,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[781,1402,845,1403,591,1404,1405,59,60,1239,783,1396,262,1406,1407,158,1408,525,1409,683,709,1410,170,1090],"class_list":["post-4018","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hegemonia-sovietica","tag-agenti","tag-arbitraj","tag-bolsevism","tag-caer","tag-comintern","tag-control-sovietic","tag-dej","tag-desteptati","tag-desteptati-va","tag-gheorghiu-dej","tag-gru","tag-hrusciov","tag-moscova","tag-nikita","tag-pretentii","tag-revizionism","tag-socialism","tag-sovinism","tag-sovrom","tag-spion","tag-stat","tag-teritorial","tag-tratat","tag-varsovia"],"rise-blocks_total_comments":0,"rise-blocks_categories":[{"term_id":15,"name":"Hegemonia Sovietica","slug":"hegemonia-sovietica","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":15,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":8,"filter":"raw"}],"rise-blocks_excerpt":"\u00cen Rom\u00e2nia, chiar \u015fi printre oficialii Partidului Comunist, se dezvolta o atitudine nes\u0103n\u0103toas\u0103 na\u0163ionalist\u0103 \u015fi anti-sovietic\u0103, care trebuia retezat\u0103 de la r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103. \u2026M\u0103m\u0103ligarii* nu sunt o na\u0163iune, ci ni\u015fte prostituate. (M\u0103m\u0103ligari \u2013 \u2018consumatori de f\u0103in\u0103 de porumb\u2019 \u2013 un alt fel de a spune \u2018\u0163\u0103rani rom\u00e2ni pro\u015fti\u2019 sau in varianta Brucan \u2018stupid people\u2019 \u2013 era un termen depreciativ folosit de..","yoast_head":"\r\nContracararea controlului sovietic: 1953-1964 -<\/title>\r\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\r\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/desteptati-va.ro\/index.php\/2021\/04\/19\/contracararea-controlului-sovietic-1953-1964\/\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Contracararea controlului sovietic: 1953-1964 -\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00cen Rom\u00e2nia, chiar \u015fi printre oficialii Partidului Comunist, se dezvolta o atitudine nes\u0103n\u0103toas\u0103 na\u0163ionalist\u0103 \u015fi 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