{"id":4270,"date":"2021-04-20T07:54:02","date_gmt":"2021-04-20T07:54:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/desteptati.ro\/?p=4270"},"modified":"2022-01-13T22:36:52","modified_gmt":"2022-01-13T20:36:52","slug":"basarabia-o-geana-de-lumina","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/desteptati-va.ro\/index.php\/2021\/04\/20\/basarabia-o-geana-de-lumina\/","title":{"rendered":"Basarabia – o gean\u0103 de lumin\u0103"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\n \t<\/i> Read Time:<\/span>8 Minute, 38 Second <\/div>\n\n <\/div>

C\u00e2nd idealul des\u0103v\u00e2r\u015firii unit\u0103\u0163ii na\u0163ionale p\u0103rea compromis au \u00eenceput s\u0103 dea roadele dou\u0103 procese istorice la care nu se g\u00e2ndise nimeni la \u00eenceputul r\u0103zboiului, dar care aveau s\u0103 joace rolul decisiv \u00een apari\u0163ia Rom\u00e2niei Mari (este adev\u0103rat c\u0103, \u00eendat\u0103 dup\u0103 izbucnirea r\u0103zboiului, perspicacele Take Ionescu, printre multe preziceri corecte, anun\u0163ase \u015fi o \u201ecascad\u0103 a tronurilor” \u015fi o cotitur\u0103 spre st\u00e2nga, dar nu intrase \u00een detalii): c\u0103derea autocra\u0163iei \u0163ariste, urmat\u0103 de instaurarea  regimului comunist \u015fi destr\u0103marea monarhiei austro-ungare.<\/h4>\n

Haosul provocat \u00een Rusia de marile prefaceri politice au atins \u015fi Basarabia, unde se aflau depozite ale armatei rom\u00e2ne \u015fi c\u0103i de comunica\u0163ii prin care veneau – at\u00e2t timp c\u00e2t Rusia era \u00een r\u0103zboi – muni\u0163ii \u015fi material de lupt\u0103. Securitatea spa\u0163iului basarabean era parte component\u0103 a securit\u0103\u0163ii spa\u0163iului moldovean, care, \u00een acest moment,  reprezenta statul rom\u00e2n liber.<\/h4>\n

Dincolo de considerentele militare, existau \u015fi cele politice: frunta\u015fii rom\u00e2ni din Basarabia \u00een\u0163elegeau c\u0103, \u00een condi\u0163iile create de dispari\u0163ia autocra\u0163iei, apoi de hot\u0103r\u00e2rea guvernului prezidat de Lenin de a recunoa\u015fte dreptul la autodeterminare (p\u00e2n\u0103 la desp\u0103r\u0163ire) a popoarelor din fostul Imperiu rus, ap\u0103rea posibilitatea unirii Basarabiei cu Rom\u00e2nia; \u00een acela\u015fi timp, Puterile Centrale, pentru a da o compensa\u0163ie Rom\u00e2niei, \u00een schimbul teritoriilor ce aveau s\u0103 fie cedate prin pacea de la Bucure\u015fti, acceptau \u00eencorporarea Basarabiei la Rom\u00e2nia.<\/h4>\n

Pentru a proteja depozitele \u015fi c\u0103ile de comunica\u0163ie, dar \u015fi pentru a r\u0103spunde apelului autorit\u0103\u0163ilor \u201emoldovene” din Chi\u015fin\u0103u, amenin\u0163ate de for\u0163ele bol\u015fevice \u015fi \u00eengrijorate de inten\u0163iile puterii de la Kiev de a \u00eencorpora, total sau par\u0163ial, Basarabia, \u00een aceast\u0103 provincie au intrat patru divizii rom\u00e2ne (dou\u0103 de infanterie \u015fi dou\u0103 de cavalerie).<\/h4>\n

Elementele rom\u00e2nofobe, provenite dintr-un spectru mixt politico-etnic(extrema st\u00e2ng\u0103, minoritari etnici etc), erau, evident, ostile prezen\u0163ei militare rom\u00e2ne\u015fti \u00een Basarabia. \u201e\u00cen sf\u00e2r\u015fit, vie orice armat\u0103, nu \u00eens\u0103 cea rom\u00e2neasc\u0103”, a sintetizat pozi\u0163ia acestor elemente – deputata bol\u015fevic\u0103 Nadejda Grindfeld.<\/h4>\n

\u00cenainte de venirea trupelor rom\u00e2ne \u00een Basarabia, mi\u015fcarea rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 de emancipare na\u0163ional\u0103 \u00eenregistrase progrese. La 31 martie \/ 13 aprilie a luat fiin\u0163\u0103 Partidul Na\u0163ional Moldovenesc printre ai c\u0103rui frunta\u015fi se aflau Gurie Grosu, Pan Halippa, Pavel Gore, Vladimir Her\u0163a, Elena Alistar \u015f.a. Marele congres ost\u0103\u015fesc, reunit la Chi\u015fin\u0103u ( 20 octombrie\/2 noiembrie-27 octombrie\/7 noiembrie 1917) \u00eentr-o atmosfer\u0103 de av\u00e2nt (era prezent, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 militarii moldoveni, \u015fi un batalion de voluntari ardeleni, proveni\u0163i din fo\u015ftii prizonieri din armata austro-ungar\u0103, afla\u0163i \u00een Rusia), a proclamat autonomia politic\u0103 \u015fi teritorial\u0103 a Basarabiei, a hot\u0103r\u00e2t constituirea for\u0163elor armate proprii \u015fi convocarea unui organ reprezentativ, destinat s\u0103 conduc\u0103 Basarabia: Sfatul \u0162\u0103rii, stabilind num\u0103rul membrilor \u015fi reparti\u0163ia \u00eentre \u201emoldoveni” \u015fi \u201ecelelalte neamuri din Basarabia”. A\u015fa cum a subliniat istoricul Ion \u0162urcanu, \u201eCongresul militar moldovenesc a creat o nou\u0103 forma\u0163iune statal\u0103 de sine st\u0103t\u0103toare, prima \u00een istoria rom\u00e2nilor basarabeni”.<\/h4>\n

\u00centrunit la 21 noiembrie\/4 decembrie, Sfatul \u0162\u0103rii era alc\u0103tuit din 120 reprezentan\u0163i ai diverselor categorii socio-profesionale \u015fi etnice, ale\u015fi de diverse partide, organiza\u0163ii, comitete; sub aspect etnic, \u00een  Sfatul \u0162\u0103rii se aflau 84 deputa\u0163i moldoveni \u015fi 36 ai diverselor minorit\u0103\u0163i (ru\u015fi, evrei, bulgari etc.); zece locuri erau destinate rom\u00e2nilor\/moldovenilor transnistreni. \u00cen func\u0163ia de pre\u015fedinte al Sfatului \u0162\u0103rii deputa\u0163ii l-au ales pe Ion Incule\u0163. Conferen\u0163iar  la Universitatea din Petrograd, el fusese trimis, \u00een iunie 1917, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Pantelimon Erhan, \u00een Basarabia de guvernul provizoriual lui Kerenski pentru a \u00eencuraja schimb\u0103rile revolu\u0163ionare, dar nu pe baze na\u0163ionale, ci sociale, ambii fiind ini\u0163ial ostili separ\u0103rii de Rusia \u015fi apropierii sau unirii cu Rom\u00e2nia.<\/h4>\n

Curentul favorabil unirii cu Rom\u00e2nia a avut ca exponen\u0163i pe Pantelimon Halippa, editorul gazetei \u201eCuv\u00e2nt Moldovenesc”(potrivit unor informa\u0163ii neconfirmate, el ar fi discutat \u00een prim\u0103vara lui 1917 \u015fi cu Lenin, pe atunci doar liderul bol\u015fevicilor, care i-ar fi spus: \u201eproceda\u0163i cum v\u0103 dicteaz\u0103 con\u015ftiin\u0163a na\u0163ional\u0103 \u015fi interesul politic, dar hot\u0103r\u00e2rea s\u0103 fie luat\u0103 prin Sfatul \u0162\u0103rii” – \u00eentruc\u00e2t sovietele erau institu\u0163ia creat\u0103 de revolu\u0163ionari, este evident c\u0103 Lenin avea \u00een vedere  un soviet basarabean), \u015fi pe Ion Pelivan, sprijini\u0163i de inimosul \u015fi energicul transilv\u0103nean Onisifor Ghibu, stabilit din martie 1917 la Chi\u015fin\u0103u, unde a editat ziarele \u201eArdealul” \u015fi \u201eRom\u00e2nia Nou\u0103”, av\u00e2nd printre redactori pe foarte t\u00e2n\u0103rul Andrei O\u0163etea, transilv\u0103nean \u015fi el.<\/h4>\n

La 2\/15 decembrie 1917, Sfatul \u0162\u0103rii proclam\u0103 Republica  Democratic\u0103 Moldoveneasc\u0103 Autonom\u0103 \u00een cadrul Federa\u0163iei Ruse, iar la 24 ianuarie\/6 februarie 1918 independen\u0163a noii republici (\u00een Basarabia folosindu-se stilul vechi, Pantelimon Halippa a propus ca proclamarea independen\u0163ei s\u0103 se fac\u0103 \u00een ziua Unirii Principatelor).<\/h4>\n

Pre\u015fedintele Republicii era Ion Incule\u0163, iar guvernul, numit  Consiliu de directori, \u00eel avea \u00een frunte pe Pantelimon Erhan, apoi pe Daniel Ciugureanu.<\/h4>\n

Paralel cu structurile de putere, organizate \u00een virtutea dreptului la autodeterminare recunoscut de regimul communist, \u00een Basarabia ac\u0163ionau deta\u015famente \u00eenarmate ale Rumcerod (abreviere de la  Comitetul Executiv Central al Sovietelor Frontului rom\u00e2n, Flotei M\u0103rii Negre \u015fi regiunii Odessa), care, la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul anului 1917, trecuse sub controlul bol\u015fevicilor \u015fi ac\u0163iona pentru instaurarea puterii sovietice, sub pre\u015fedin\u0163ia lui V.G. Ludovski. Adev\u0103ratul conduc\u0103tor era \u00eens\u0103 Christian Rakovski, fostul frunta\u015f al PSD rom\u00e2n, fugit \u00een Rusia, dup\u0103 ce fusese eliberat din deten\u0163ie, \u00een urma manifesta\u015fiei de 1 mai 1917 de la Ia\u015fi, \u015fi hot\u0103r\u00e2t s\u0103 impun\u0103 regimul sovietic \u015fi in Rom\u00e2nia.<\/h4>\n

\u00centr-un haos total, creat de forma\u0163iunile \u00eenarmate ale Rumcerodului \u015fi de ezit\u0103rile unora dintre frunta\u015fii politici de la Chi\u015fin\u0103u, trupele rom\u00e2ne au intrat \u00een Chi\u015fin\u0103u, iar generalul Ernest Bro\u015fteanu, comandantul lor, invitat \u00een Sfatul \u0162\u0103rii (14\/27 ianuarie) a atras aten\u0163ia c\u0103 rostul prezen\u0163ei militare rom\u00e2ne\u015fti este exclusiv p\u0103strarea ordinii. „Crea\u0163i-v\u0103 via\u0163a dvs. cum crede\u0163i \u015fi nimeni nu se va amesteca \u00een ea, \u00een organizarea ei, noi nu v\u0103 vom \u00eempiedica”, a spus generalul membrilor Sfatului \u0162\u0103rii.<\/h4>\n

Dezarmarea trupelor sovietice aflate \u00een Basarabia a atras o replic\u0103 dur\u0103  din partea guvernului sovietic: dup\u0103 ce la 1\/14 ianuarie 1918 ministrul Rom\u00e2niei la Petrograd, C. Diamandy, \u015fi membrii misiunii au fost aresta\u0163i (ceea ce a provocat protestul \u00eentregului corp diplomatic acreditat la Petrograd, \u00eentruc\u00e2t ministrul beneficia de imunitate diplomatic\u0103), la 13\/26 ianuarie guvernul sovietic a decis ruperea rela\u0163iilor diplomatice cu Rom\u00e2nia \u015fi confiscarea tezaurului. („Rezervele de aur ale Rom\u00e2niei – se ar\u0103ta \u00een declara\u0163ia sovietic\u0103 – \u00een p\u0103strare la  Moscova se declar\u0103 intangibile pentru oligarhia rom\u00e2n\u0103. Regimul sovietic \u00ee\u015fi ia r\u0103spunderea integrit\u0103\u0163ii acestor rezerve \u015fi le va remite \u00een m\u00e2inile poporului rom\u00e2n”.)<\/h4>\n

La Odessa, Rumcerod a \u00eenceput s\u0103 fac\u0103 arest\u0103ri printre rom\u00e2nii refugia\u0163i, amenint\u00e2ndu-i  cu deportarea sau executarea. Pentru a salva ostaticii lua\u0163i la instigarea lui Rakovski, generalul Averescu a semnat un acord cu Rumcerod (20 februarie\/5 martie, confirmat la 24 februarie\/ 9 martie la Odessa), interpretat de partea sovietic\u0103 drept un angajament de retragere a trupelor rom\u00e2ne din Basarabia \u00een decurs de dou\u0103 luni (cu excep\u0163ia a 10000 de militari pentru paza depozitelor) \u015fi, implicit de recunoa\u015ftere a autorit\u0103\u0163ii Rumcerod. Acest acord, invocat mereu de sovietici ca un argument \u00een favoarea recunoa\u015fterii apartenen\u0163ei Basarabiei la URSS \u015fi considerat de I.G. Duca o grav\u0103 eroare a lui Averescu, cuprinde \u00een fapt \u201eo gre\u015feal\u0103 de redactare datorat\u0103 grabei” (F. Nanu), \u00een \u00een\u0163elesul c\u0103 Averescu acceptase cererile Romcerodului pentru a-i salva pe ostatici, cu excep\u0163ia celei privind retragerea trupelor rom\u00e2ne din Basarabia, dovad\u0103 c\u0103, \u00een telegrama trimis\u0103 generalului Bro\u015fteanu, Averescu preciza c\u0103 \u201elinia noastr\u0103 de demarca\u0163ie, dincolo de care nici m\u0103car patrulele nu vor trece, va fi malul drept al Nistrului”.<\/h4>\n

Intensificarea curentului unionist s-a manifestat prin numeroase adrese trimise de zemstve, organiza\u0163ii, studen\u0163i etc. Sfatului \u0162\u0103rii de a proclama unirea cu Rom\u00e2nia. Venit \u00een Basarabia, C. Stere a desf\u0103\u015furat o prodigioas\u0103 activitate de sprijinire a acestui curent. La 27 martie\/ 9 aprilie 1918, cu 86 de voturi pentru, trei contra \u015fi 36 ab\u0163ineri (\u00eentruc\u00e2t deputa\u0163ii nu aveau mandat de la aleg\u0103tori s\u0103 voteze  \u00een problema unirii), Sfatul \u0162\u0103rii a decis unirea condi\u0163ionat\u0103 a Basarabiei cu Rom\u00e2nia: \u201eRepublica Democratic\u0103 Moldoveneasc\u0103 (Basarabia) – se arat\u0103 \u00een declara\u0163ie – \u00een hotarele ei dintre Prut, Nistru, Marea Neagr\u0103 \u015fi vechile grani\u0163e cu Austria, rupt\u0103 de Rusia acum o sut\u0103 \u015fi mai bine de ani din trupul vechii Moldove, \u00een puterea dreptului istoric \u015fi al dreptului de neam, pe baza principiului ca noroadele singure s\u0103-\u015fi hot\u0103rasc\u0103 soarta lor, de azi \u00eenainte \u015fi pentru totdeauna se une\u015fte cu mama sa, Rom\u00e2nia”. Declara\u0163ia specific\u0103, \u00een continuare, c\u0103 Sfatul \u0162\u0103rii avea s\u0103-\u015fi continue activitatea de \u00eenf\u0103ptuire reformei agrare; Basarabia \u00ee\u015fi va p\u0103stra \u201eautonomia av\u00e2nd un Sfat al \u0162\u0103rii (dieta), ales pe viitor prin vot universal, egal, direct \u015fi secret, cu un organ \u00eemplinitor \u015fi administra\u0163ie proprie”; celelalte prevederi urm\u0103reau s\u0103 consolideze libertatea \u015fi drepturile c\u00e2\u015ftigate \u00een 1917.<\/h4>\n

Dup\u0103 vot, primul-ministru, Al. Marghiloman, venit la Chi\u015fin\u0103u a  fost invitat \u00een sala de \u015fedin\u0163e a Sfatului \u0162\u0103rii, unde, \u00eentr-o atmosfer\u0103 de emo\u0163ie \u015fi entuziasm, a declarat: \u201e\u00cen numele poporului rom\u00e2n \u015fi al regelui s\u0103u, M.S. Ferdinand I, iau act de hot\u0103r\u00e2rea Sfatului \u015fi proclam : Basarabia unit\u0103, de data aceasta pentru totdeauna, cu Rom\u00e2nia una  \u015fi nedivizibil\u0103. S\u0103 ne \u00eenclin\u0103m \u00een fa\u0163a geniului rasei noastre care a permis poporului Basarabiei s\u0103-\u015fi p\u0103streze vie, prin veacuri, sc\u00e2nteia care la prima suflare a libert\u0103\u0163ii a aprins inimile lor \u015fi s\u0103 salut\u0103m pe ace\u015fti oameni (cei din conducerea Republicii Moldovene\u015fti – n.n.) care, f\u0103r\u0103 preocup\u0103ri egoiste, put\u00e2nd s\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 conduc\u0103torii unui stat, au voit mai bine s\u0103 fie servitorii unei na\u0163iuni”.<\/h4>\n

Votul Sfatului \u0162\u0103rii privind unirea Basarabiei cu Rom\u00e2nia nu a fost determinat de prezen\u0163a \u015fi cu at\u00e2t mai pu\u0163in de o pretins\u0103 presiune a armatei rom\u00e2ne trecute peste Prut. Aveam s\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103m mai t\u00e2rziu din \u201eexperien\u0163a” Armatei Ro\u015fii, c\u0103, \u00een condi\u0163iile prezen\u0163ei militare sovietice, s-au ob\u0163inut surprinz\u0103toare unanimit\u0103\u0163i sau voturi de 99,9%! Trupele rom\u00e2ne au f\u0103cut imposibil\u0103 ac\u0163iunea unei minorit\u0103\u0163i agresive – cea comunist\u0103 – care ac\u0163iona la ordinele bol\u015fevicilor, dar nu au intervenit, direct sau indirect, \u00een discu\u0163iile din Sfatul \u0162\u0103rii. Mai mult,  a\u015fa cum remarc\u0103 \u015etefan Ciobanu, Sfatul \u0162\u0103rii a votat legea reformei agrare, v\u0103dit inspirat\u0103 din decretul lui Lenin despre p\u0103m\u00e2nt, lege  care abolea \u201eproprietatea \u00abasupra p\u0103m\u00e2ntului, p\u0103durilor, subsolului \u015fi apelor\u00bb f\u0103r\u0103 desp\u0103gubiri. Ar fi putut oare o armat\u0103 chemat\u0103 \u00abpentru ap\u0103rarea boierilor\u00bb s\u0103 permit\u0103 votarea unei legi de aceast\u0103 natur\u0103?”<\/h4>\n

Dup\u0103 des\u0103v\u00e2r\u015firea unit\u0103\u0163ii na\u0163ionale, la 27 noiembrie\/10 decembrie 1918, Sfatul \u0162\u0103rii a adoptat o declara\u0163ie prin care renun\u0163\u0103 la condi\u0163iile fixate \u00een actul de unire, \u201efiind \u00eencredin\u0163at c\u0103, \u00een Rom\u00e2nia tuturor rom\u00e2nilor, regimul curat democratic este asigurat pe viitor”. \u00cen consecin\u0163\u0103. el a hot\u0103r\u00e2t s\u0103 se autodizolve.<\/h4>\n

Florin Constantiniu – O istorie sincera a poporului roman, Univers Enciclopedic, Bucuresti, 2008<\/em><\/h4>
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C\u00e2nd idealul des\u0103v\u00e2r\u015firii unit\u0103\u0163ii na\u0163ionale p\u0103rea compromis au \u00eenceput s\u0103 dea roadele dou\u0103 procese istorice la care nu se g\u00e2ndiseRead More<\/i><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2821,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[1684,1685,1686,845,59,60,1687,1688,1689,262,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,295,1695,1577,137,1696,281,1697],"class_list":["post-4270","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-romania-mare","tag-27-martie-1918","tag-armata-romana","tag-averescu","tag-bolsevism","tag-desteptati","tag-desteptati-va","tag-elena-alistar","tag-gurie-grosu","tag-lenin","tag-moscova","tag-nadejda-grindfeld","tag-pacea-de-la-bucuresti","tag-pan-halippa","tag-pavel-gore","tag-rezaur","tag-romania-mare","tag-sfatul-tarii","tag-take-ionescu","tag-unire","tag-unirea-basarabiei","tag-urss","tag-vladimir-herta"],"rise-blocks_total_comments":0,"rise-blocks_categories":[{"term_id":26,"name":"Romania Mare","slug":"romania-mare","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":26,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":5,"filter":"raw"}],"rise-blocks_excerpt":"C\u00e2nd idealul des\u0103v\u00e2r\u015firii unit\u0103\u0163ii na\u0163ionale p\u0103rea compromis au \u00eenceput s\u0103 dea roadele dou\u0103 procese istorice la care nu se g\u00e2ndise nimeni la \u00eenceputul r\u0103zboiului, dar care aveau s\u0103 joace rolul decisiv \u00een apari\u0163ia Rom\u00e2niei Mari (este adev\u0103rat c\u0103, \u00eendat\u0103 dup\u0103 izbucnirea r\u0103zboiului, perspicacele Take Ionescu, printre multe preziceri corecte, anun\u0163ase \u015fi o \u201ecascad\u0103 a tronurilor” \u015fi o cotitur\u0103 spre st\u00e2nga,..","yoast_head":"\r\nBasarabia - 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