{"id":4291,"date":"2021-04-20T08:06:48","date_gmt":"2021-04-20T08:06:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/desteptati.ro\/?p=4291"},"modified":"2022-01-18T22:51:06","modified_gmt":"2022-01-18T20:51:06","slug":"deschiderea-romaniei-catre-lume-sau-o-alta-politica-externa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/desteptati-va.ro\/index.php\/2021\/04\/20\/deschiderea-romaniei-catre-lume-sau-o-alta-politica-externa\/","title":{"rendered":"Deschiderea Rom\u00e2niei c\u0103tre lume sau „O alt\u0103 politic\u0103 extern\u0103”"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\n \t<\/i> Read Time:<\/span>8 Minute, 57 Second <\/div>\n\n <\/div>

Prim\u0103vara anului 1968 aduce lui Ceau\u015fescu un spor de prestigiu intern \u015fi extern prin vizita generalului de Gaulle \u00een Rom\u00e2nia (14-18 mai). Numit de prestigiosul „The Economist” „de Gaulle al Pactului de la Var\u015fovia”, Ceau\u015fescu dorea un dialog cu aceast\u0103 fabuloas\u0103 personalitate. La r\u00e2ndul s\u0103u, de Gaulle considera vizita \u00een Rom\u00e2nia at\u00e2t de important\u0103, \u00eenc\u00e2t, de\u015fi evenimentele din \u0163ara sa se dovedeau amenin\u0163\u0103toare (celebra „criz\u0103 din mai ’68”), el a hot\u0103r\u00e2t s\u0103 nu contramandeze vizita.<\/h4>\n

Primirea a fost entuziast\u0103, un entuziasm spontan, neorchestrat de autorit\u0103\u0163i. La r\u00e2ndul s\u0103u, generalul a elogiat orientarea lui Ceau\u015fescu, axat\u0103 pe afirmarea \u015fi consolidarea independen\u0163ei na\u0163ionale, dar a reamintit vecin\u0103tatea Rusiei \u015fi leg\u0103turile Rom\u00e2niei cu ea, modalitate de a atenua suspiciunile Moscovei asupra inten\u0163iilor pre\u015fedintelui francez. \u00cen cursul discu\u0163iei din 14 mai, de Gaulle i-a spus lui Ceau\u015fescu dou\u0103 fraze-cheie: ” Noi v\u0103 accept\u0103m a\u015fa cum sunte\u0163i” \u015fi ” Noi v\u0103 iubim. Iat\u0103 de ce ne interesa\u0163i”, dar dialogul nu a dep\u0103\u015fit nici un moment limitele datelor cunoscute ca definitorii pentru politica extern\u0103 a celor dou\u0103 \u0163\u0103ri, ceea ce l-a f\u0103cut pe general s\u0103 conchid\u0103: „Chiar dac\u0103 n-am aflat lucruri noi despre ceea ce g\u00e2ndim, am putut totu\u015fi s\u0103 ne preciz\u0103m ideile, \u015fi un asemenea exerci\u0163iu este totdeauna util”.<\/h4>\n

Criza din Fran\u0163a a scurtat vizita \u00een Rom\u00e2nia a lui de Gaulle, c\u0103ruia, mai t\u00e2rziu, cunoscutul comentator de politic\u0103 extern\u0103 al ziarului „Le Monde”, Michel Tatu, \u00eei va repro\u015fa c\u0103 nu a v\u00e2ndut Rom\u00e2niei avioane „Mirage”, iar dup\u0103 condamnarea invaziei din Cehoslovacia de c\u0103tre Ceau\u015fescu s-a m\u0103rginit s\u0103 trimit\u0103 – \u015fi inc\u0103 destul de t\u00e2rziu- \u00een Rom\u00e2nia o personalitate de a doua clas\u0103) ministrul Andr\u00e9 Betancourt.<\/h4>\n

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\u00cendr-adev\u0103r, exprimarea cea mai curajoas\u0103 a politicii de independen\u0163\u0103 a fost cuv\u00e2ntarea lui Ceau\u015fescu din 21 august 1968, prilejuit\u0103 de invadarea Cehoslovaciei de c\u0103tre URSS, Polonia, Bulgaria \u015fi  Ungaria.<\/h4>\n

Politica „socialismului cu chip uman”, promovat\u0103 de noua conducere cehoslovac\u0103, \u00een frunte cu primul-secretar al PCC, Alexander Dubcek, atr\u0103gea pe Ceau\u015fescu mult mai pu\u0163in pentru con\u0163inutul ei politic, c\u00e2t, mai ales, ca manifestare a dreptului fiec\u0103rui partid de a-\u015fi stabili orient\u0103rile.<\/h4>\n

Apropierea rom\u00e2no-cehoslovac\u0103, dublat\u0103 de str\u00e2nsele leg\u0103turi dintre Bucure\u015fti \u015fi Belgrad, a \u00eengrijorat conducerea sovietic\u0103. La 9 iulie, premierul Kos\u00eeghin a spus \u00een \u015fedin\u0163a Biroului Politic: „Ei (cehoslovacii-n.n.) s-au orientat dintr-odat\u0103, dup\u0103 cum vedem, spre Rom\u00e2nia \u015fi Iugoslavia, pentru a ar\u0103ta c\u0103 << acum nu suntem unul, ci trei >>”. La 19 iulie, \u00een acela\u015fi cadru, Brejnev atr\u0103gea aten\u0163ia c\u0103 ” Acum , la Praga, este a\u015fteptat\u0103 sosirea lui Ceau\u015fescu \u015fi a lui Tito, se poart\u0103 discu\u0163ii despre o c\u00e2rd\u0103\u015fie (\u00een original „sgovor”-<\/em> n.n.). dun\u0103rean\u0103, despre o \u00eent\u00e2lnire dun\u0103rean\u0103”.<\/h4>\n

Sunt indicii c\u0103 Walter Ulbricht, liderul comunist al RDG, ar fi scris lui Brejnev c\u0103, dac\u0103 nu se intervine cu for\u0163a \u00een Cehoslovacia \u015fi Rom\u00e2nia, „socialismul este \u00een primejdie”.<\/h4>\n

Defectorul sovietic Viktor Suvorov ( pe adev\u0103ratul s\u0103u nume Vladimir Rezun), fost ofi\u0163er al GRU (serviciul de spionaj al Armatei Ro\u015fii) , scrie c\u0103 \u00een unitatea sa ( \u00eenainte de a deveni ofi\u0163er de informa\u0163ii) militarii considerau c\u0103 Rom\u00e2nia trebuie „eliberat\u0103”, altfel spus, invadat\u0103. Motivele de nemul\u0163umire erau numeroase:participarea modest\u0103 la activit\u0103\u0163ile Pactului de la Var\u015fovia, refuzul de a permite construc\u0163ia unei c\u0103i ferate care s\u0103 lege URSS de Bulgaria, furnizarea de piese de schimb Israelului pentru tancurile sovietice capturate de le egipteni \u00een Peninsula Sinai, refuzul de a permite speciali\u015ftilor sovietici s\u0103 inspecteze elicopterele franceze cump\u0103rate de Rom\u00e2nia, bunele rela\u0163ii cu China. Potrivit lui Suvorov-Rezun, camarazii s\u0103i de unitate erau convin\u015fi c\u0103 Armata Ro\u015fie va invada Rom\u00e2nia, iar comandantul ei, un colonel, ar fi dat chiar ordinul de preg\u0103tire, ceea ce i-a atras sanc\u0163ionarea. Au r\u0103mas surprin\u015fi c\u00e2nd \u00een loc de Rom\u00e2nia, cum se a\u015fteptau ei, a fost invadat\u0103 Cehoslovacia.<\/h4>\n

A inten\u0163ionat Kremlinul s\u0103 invadeze \u015fi Rom\u00e2nia? Afirma\u0163ia potrivit c\u0103reia serviciul de informa\u0163ii al armatei rom\u00e2ne ar fi aflat c\u0103 la int\u00e2lnirea din Crimeea a liderilor sovietici cu conduc\u0103torii din \u0163\u0103rile Pactului de la Var\u015fovia ) cu excep\u0163ia Cehoslovaciei \u015fi Rom\u00e2niei ) s-a stabilit invadarea Cehoslovaciei \u00een zilele de 22-23 august 1968 nu este confirmat\u0103 deocamdat\u0103 de nici o surs\u0103 contemporan\u0103 devenit\u0103 accesibil\u0103.<\/h4>\n

Abia \u00eentors din Cehoslovacia, unde f\u0103cuse o vizit\u0103 oficial\u0103 (15-17 august) , N. Ceau\u015fescu avea s\u0103 afle despre invadarea Cehoslovaciei de c\u0103tre URSS \u015fi sateli\u0163ii ei \u00een noaptea de 20-21 august. ” Acu-i r\u00e2ndul  meu”, ar fi spus, potrivit lui Ion Pacepa, liderul rom\u00e2n.<\/h4>\n

\u00cen virtutea principiului neamestecului \u00een treburile interne, el fusese \u00een dezacord cu „sfaturile”, amenin\u0163\u0103rile \u015fi presiunile  Pactului de la Var\u015fovia asupra echipei Dubcek \u015fi, potrivit unor surse, ar fi trimis, \u00een timpul discu\u0163iilor de la Cierna-nad-Tisou dintre cehoslovaci \u015fi sovietici, o scrisoare dur\u0103 lui Brejnev, cer\u00e2ndu-i s\u0103 \u00eenceteze imixtiunea brutal\u0103 \u00een problemele interne ale Cehoslovaciei.<\/h4>\n

La aflarea ve\u015ftii c\u0103 URSS \u015fi sateli\u0163ii ei au invadat Cehoslovacia, reac\u0163ia lui Ceau\u015fescu a fost spontan\u0103 \u015fi promt\u0103: a condamnat-o \u00een termeni energici \u00eentr-o cuv\u00e2ntare din balconul CC al PCR,  \u00een fa\u0163a unei mul\u0163imi pe c\u00e2t de solidar\u0103 cu el, pe at\u00e2t de hot\u0103r\u00e2t\u0103 de a ap\u0103ra \u0163ara dac\u0103 tancurile sovietice ar fi trecut frontierele rom\u00e2ne\u015fti. A fost „his finest hour”<\/em> (ceasul lui cel mai minunat).<\/h4>\n

Pozi\u0163ia lui Ceau\u015fescu pare a fi fost considerat\u0103 de ceilal\u0163i membri ai conducerii ca prea \u00eendr\u0103zne\u0163\u0103 fa\u0163\u0103 de mijloacele de ap\u0103rare ale Rom\u00e2niei: Moscova nu trebuia provocat\u0103, era opinia care prevala \u00eentre tovar\u0103\u015fii primului-secretar. „La adunarea popular\u0103 – sus\u0163ine Alexandru B\u00e2rl\u0103deanu – l-a luat limba pe dinainte pe Ceau\u015fescu. S-a \u00eenfl\u0103c\u0103rat \u015fi s-a montat sincer”. (B\u00e2rl\u0103deanu  evoc\u0103 un episod petrecut la Moscova, c\u00e2nd, desemnat de Dej s\u0103 vorbeasc\u0103 la o uzin\u0103, Ceau\u015fescu „s-a infl\u0103c\u0103rat copil\u0103re\u015fte, nu s-a putut st\u0103p\u00e2ni. Printre altele se visa orator ce \u00eenfl\u0103c\u0103reaz\u0103 masele”).<\/h4>\n

„Tovar\u0103\u015fii” din conducerea PCR al lui Ceau\u015fescu, reticen\u0163i fa\u0163\u0103 de „performan\u0163a” lui oratoric\u0103 , aveau dreptate. SUA comunicaser\u0103, de la 22 iulie 1968, Moscovei c\u0103 Washingtonul considera desf\u0103\u015fur\u0103rile din Cehoslovacia ca fiind „o problem\u0103 a cehilor \u015fi a celorlalte \u0163\u0103ri ale Pactului de la Var\u015fovia”.<\/h4>\n

Fostul lider comunist cehoslovac Zdenec Mlyn\u00e1r afirm\u0103 c\u0103, \u00een discu\u0163iile dintre sovietici \u015fi cehoslovaci de la Moscova (dup\u0103 invazie), Brejnev ar fi spus c\u0103 pre\u015fedintele Johnson, \u00eentrebat de Moscova dac\u0103 acordurile de la Ialta \u015fi Postdam sunt considerate de guvernul american ca pe deplin valabile, ar fi r\u0103spuns c\u0103 ” \u00een ceea ce prive\u015fte Cehoslovacia \u015fi Rom\u00e2nia ele sunt recunoscute f\u0103r\u0103 rezerve, \u00een cazul Iugoslaviei ar trebui s\u0103 se discute”.<\/h4>\n

Ceea ce se \u015ftie \u00eens\u0103 sigur este c\u0103 pe m\u0103sura \u00eenmul\u0163irii zvonurilor despre o interven\u0163ie sovietic\u0103 iminent\u0103 \u00een Rom\u00e2nia ( agen\u0163ia UPI a transmis \u015ftirea c\u0103 invazia avea s\u0103 aib\u0103 loc dac\u0103 Ceau\u015fescu nu abandoneaz\u0103 conducerea partidului \u015fi a \u0163\u0103rii ), SUA au \u00een\u0163eles c\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 a fi interesate vital \u00een Rom\u00e2nia, vor suferi o grav\u0103 pierdere de prestigiu dac\u0103 o a doua \u0163ar\u0103 din Est va fi victima politicii de for\u0163\u0103 a Kremlinului, f\u0103r\u0103 ca Washingtonul s\u0103 reac\u0163ioneze. \u00cen memoriile sale, Anatolii Dobr\u00eenin, pe atunci ambasador al URSS la Washington, relateaz\u0103 c\u0103 la 23 august secretarul de stat al SUA Dean Rusk l-a \u00eentrebat: ” Nu este acum la r\u00e2nd Rom\u00e2nia? Asta ar fi din cale-afara de mult \u015fi, atunci, opinia public\u0103 american\u0103 ar fi greu de controlat”. Fostul diplomat sovietic arat\u0103 c\u0103 „specula\u0163iile din Occident \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu posibilitatea unei invazii sovietice \u00een Rom\u00e2nia au fost provocate \u00een fond de refuzul ei de a participa la ac\u0163iunea comun\u0103 a \u0163\u0103rilor tratatului de la Var\u015fovia \u00eempotriva Cehoslovaciei. La Moscova exista \u00eentr-adev\u0103r o puternic\u0103 iritare fa\u0163\u0103 de comportarea lui Ceau\u015fescu \u015fi se trecuse chiar la deplasarea demonstrativ\u0103 de trupe sovietice \u00een apropierea grani\u0163elor Rom\u00e2niei . Totu\u015fi, problema unei invazii \u00een Rom\u00e2nia nu s-a pus serios la Moscova, c\u0103ci stabilitatea regimului comunist acolo nu provoca nelini\u015fte”.<\/h4>\n

La 28 august Dean Rusk \u015fi-a exprimat \u00eengrijorarea \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu mi\u015fc\u0103rile de trupe sovietice la frontierele Rom\u00e2niei \u015fi cu „alte fapte”, care f\u0103ceau ca la Washington s\u0103 se cread\u0103 c\u0103 o invazie sovietic\u0103 \u00een Rom\u00e2nia era iminent\u0103. Din partea pre\u015fedintelui Johnson, Dean Rusk a spus: ” \u00cen numele \u00eentregii umanit\u0103\u0163i, v\u0103 rug\u0103m s\u0103 nu face\u0163i asta, c\u0103ci urm\u0103rile sunt greu de prev\u0103zut”.<\/h4>\n

Intr-o cuv\u00e2ntare rostit\u0103 la San Antonio (Texas), \u00een seara zilei de 30 august, pre\u015fedintele SUA, Lyndon B. Johnson, referindu-se la zvonurile c\u0103 o invazie de tipul celei din Cehoslovacia „s-ar putea repeta, \u00een zilele ce urmeaz\u0103, \u00een alt\u0103 parte a Europei R\u0103s\u0103ritene”, a cerut ferm ca ” nimeni s\u0103 nu dezl\u0103n\u0163uie c\u00e2inii r\u0103zboiului”.<\/h4>\n

Avertismentele au avut efect: la 31 august, Dobr\u00eenin a comunicat lui Dean Rusk c\u0103 informa\u0163iile despre inten\u0163ia URSS de a invada Rom\u00e2nia nu aveau nici un temei.<\/h4>\n

At\u00e2t timp c\u00e2t toate documentele sovietice nu sunt accesibile cercet\u0103torilor rom\u00e2ni, este imposibil de \u015ftiut cu certitudine care au fost planurile sovietice fa\u0163\u0103 de Rom\u00e2nia, \u00een timpul crizei cehoslovace: dorin\u0163a de invazie, descurajat\u0103 de hot\u0103r\u00e2rea lui Ceau\u015fescu de a rezista ( la 30 august, ambasadorul RFG la NATO anun\u0163ase c\u0103 armata rom\u00e2n\u0103 va opune rezisten\u0163\u0103 \u00een cazul unei invazii), r\u0103zboi al nervilor sau fals\u0103 alarm\u0103?<\/h4>\n

Este de net\u0103g\u0103duit c\u0103 Nicolae Ceau\u015fescu a luat \u00een considerare posibilitatea unei confrunt\u0103ri armate, dovad\u0103 c\u0103, \u00een timpul \u00eent\u00e2lnirii de la V\u00eer\u015fe\u0163 cu Tito (24 august), a fost evocat\u0103 eventualitatea retragerii armatei rom\u00e2ne \u00een Iugoslavia (Tito s-a declarat de acord cu aceast\u0103 retragere, dar a spus c\u0103 militarii rom\u00e2ni vor fi dezarma\u0163i).<\/h4>\n

Discu\u0163iile sovieto-cehoslovace de la Moscova \u015fi \u00eenceputul „normaliz\u0103rii” \u00een Cehoslovacia (liderii de la Praga au fost constr\u00e2n\u015fi s\u0103 accepte prezen\u0163a trupelor invadatoare pe teritoriul \u0163\u0103rii lor) au atenuat \u00eencordarea din rela\u0163iile rom\u00e2no-sovietice. Documentele sovietice studiate de Mark Kramer l-au f\u0103cut pe acest istoric s\u0103 formuleze opinia c\u0103, \u00een realitate, at\u00e2t Bucure\u015ftiul c\u00e2t \u015fi Moscova au dat dovad\u0103 de re\u0163inere, evit\u00e2nd orice escaladare care s\u0103 duc\u0103 la confruntare, astfel c\u0103, scrie Kramer \u00een concluzie, „dac\u0103 imaginea care reiese din noile m\u0103rturii documentare este corect\u0103 – \u015fi exist\u0103 temeiuri pentru a crede c\u0103 este corect\u0103-, atunci este necesar s\u0103 se \u00eentreprind\u0103 mult mai multe cercet\u0103ri asupra p\u0103str\u0103rii distan\u0163ei (stand-off)<\/em> de c\u0103tre sovietici \u015fi rom\u00e2ni, ca un studiu de caz pentru gestiunea unei crize”.<\/h4>\n

La frontierele Rom\u00e2niei, sursele interne, accesibile p\u00e2n\u0103 acum, nu indic\u0103 semnele unei invazii iminente: cel mult se constat\u0103 c\u0103 la Vadul Siret gr\u0103nicerii au fost \u00eenlocui\u0163i de cazaci, efectivele dubl\u00e2ndu-se; unui conduc\u0103tor de tren rom\u00e2n un gr\u0103nicer sovietic i-a spus: Las\u0103, c\u0103 mari curve sunte\u0163i voi, rom\u00e2nii”; la pichetul Ostrov, doi bulgari au strigat c\u0103tre doi rom\u00e2ni afla\u0163i la cules de vie  :”Culege\u0163i voi strugurii, c\u0103 bem noi vinul”. \u00cen Occident, \u015ftirile au fost \u00eens\u0103 dramatice: Mihail Vozlenski, autorul „Nomenclaturii”, afirm\u0103 c\u0103, \u00een chip de sondaj, un tanc sovietic ar fi trecut frontiera cu Rom\u00e2nia, fiind distrus; sovieticii l-ar fi remorcat \u015fi readus pe teritoriul lor!<\/h4>\n

Material preluat din „O istorie sincera a poporului roman”, Florin Constantin, Editura Univers Enciclopedic, Bucuresti 2008<\/em><\/h4>
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Prim\u0103vara anului 1968 aduce lui Ceau\u015fescu un spor de prestigiu intern \u015fi extern prin vizita generalului de Gaulle \u00een Rom\u00e2niaRead More<\/i><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":584,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[1736,1737,1738,590,663,173,1739,59,60,783,1740,1741,254,1742,262,1743,789,1744,1745,179,1408,1746,281,1090],"class_list":["post-4291","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-romania-sub-ceausescu","tag-armata-rosie","tag-barladeanu","tag-biroul-politic","tag-cc","tag-ceausescu","tag-cehoslovacia","tag-de-gaulle","tag-desteptati","tag-desteptati-va","tag-gru","tag-ialta","tag-ion-pacepa","tag-kremlin","tag-le-monde","tag-moscova","tag-pact","tag-pcr","tag-postdam","tag-rdg","tag-romania","tag-socialism","tag-tito","tag-urss","tag-varsovia"],"rise-blocks_total_comments":0,"rise-blocks_categories":[{"term_id":27,"name":"Romania sub Ceausescu","slug":"romania-sub-ceausescu","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":27,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":6,"filter":"raw"}],"rise-blocks_excerpt":"Prim\u0103vara anului 1968 aduce lui Ceau\u015fescu un spor de prestigiu intern \u015fi extern prin vizita generalului de Gaulle \u00een Rom\u00e2nia (14-18 mai). Numit de prestigiosul „The Economist” „de Gaulle al Pactului de la Var\u015fovia”, Ceau\u015fescu dorea un dialog cu aceast\u0103 fabuloas\u0103 personalitate. La r\u00e2ndul s\u0103u, de Gaulle considera vizita \u00een Rom\u00e2nia at\u00e2t de important\u0103, \u00eenc\u00e2t, de\u015fi evenimentele din \u0163ara sa..","yoast_head":"\r\nDeschiderea Rom\u00e2niei c\u0103tre lume sau "O alt\u0103 politic\u0103 extern\u0103" -<\/title>\r\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\r\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/desteptati-va.ro\/index.php\/2021\/04\/20\/deschiderea-romaniei-catre-lume-sau-o-alta-politica-externa\/\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Deschiderea Rom\u00e2niei c\u0103tre lume sau "O alt\u0103 politic\u0103 extern\u0103" -\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Prim\u0103vara anului 1968 aduce lui Ceau\u015fescu un spor de prestigiu intern \u015fi extern prin vizita generalului de Gaulle \u00een Rom\u00e2niaRead 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